Mppt high level control of a turbine cluster

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media including instructions for coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines are disclosed. Coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines includes receiving data from the cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines; determining changes to total power output of the cluster based on changes in loading states of individual fluid turbines in the cluster; selecting a combination of loading states for the individual fluid turbines in the cluster to coordinate total power output for the cluster; and transmitting the selected combination of loading states to at least some of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster in order to vary rotational speeds of the at least some of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 63/307,653, filed on Feb. 8, 2022, and U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 63/329,900, filed on Apr. 12, 2022,each of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND I. Technical Field

The present disclosure generally relates to the field of fluid turbines.More specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems, methods,and devices for operating a cluster of fluid turbines.

II. Background Information

As challenges posed by climate change continue to increase, moreattention is devoted to green energy alternatives to fossil fuels. Someattractive alternatives to fossil fuels include turbines that harnesspower from a fluid flow, such as wind, ocean currents, a steam flow, ora gas flow. In some cases, due to physical constraints limiting how muchenergy may be generated by any single turbine, clusters of turbines maybe constructed, allowing to aggregate energy generated by multipleindividual turbines. For example, aggregating energy produced by acluster of turbines may allow scaling up green energy productionsufficiently to provide a reliable supply of green energy to anelectrical grid, as a replacement for fossil fuels. However, clusters offluid turbines may require coordinated maintenance, repairs, and safetychecks. In addition, in some cases, coordinating the operations ofclustered turbines may improve performance, allowing them to increasegreen energy production with improved efficiency. Systems and methodsfor coordinating operations of clustered turbines may therefore bebeneficial.

SUMMARY

Embodiments consistent with the present disclosure provide systems andmethods generally relating to operating a cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. The disclosed systems andmethods may be implemented using a combination of conventional hardwareand software as well as specialized hardware and software, such as amachine constructed and/or programmed specifically for performingfunctions associated with the disclosed method steps. Consistent withother disclosed embodiments, non-transitory computer readable storagemedia may store program instructions, which are executable by at leastone processing device and perform any of the steps and/or methodsdescribed herein.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, systems, methods, and computerreadable media for coordinated braking of a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines are disclosed. The embodimentsmay include at least one processor configured to: access memory storinginformation indicative of a tolerance threshold for at least oneoperating parameter associated with the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines; receive information from atleast one sensor indicative of the at least one operating parameter fora particular fluid turbine among the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines; compare the informationindicative of the at least one operating parameter for the particularfluid turbine with the tolerance threshold stored in memory; determine,based on the comparison, whether the at least one operating parameterfor the particular fluid turbine deviates from the tolerance threshold;and upon a determination that the at least one operating parameter forthe particular fluid turbine deviates from the tolerance threshold, senda braking signal to each of the geographically-associated fluid turbinesto slow each of the geographically-associated fluid turbines.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, systems, methods, and computerreadable media for coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines are disclosed. The embodimentsmay include at least one processor configured to: receive data from thecluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines; determine changesto total power output of the cluster based on changes in loading statesof individual fluid turbines in the cluster; select a combination ofloading states for the individual fluid turbines in the cluster tocoordinate total power output for the cluster; and transmit the selectedcombination of loading states to at least some of the individual fluidturbines in the cluster in order to vary rotational speeds of the atleast some of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, systems, methods, and computerreadable media for synchronizing a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines are disclosed. The embodimentsmay include at least one processor configured to: receive first signalsindicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of a first plurality ofrotating blades of a first fluid turbine of the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines, wherein the first plurality ofrotating blades is configured to generate a first fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow; receive second signals indicative of a phase of arotational cycle of a second plurality of rotating blades of a secondfluid turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines, wherein the second plurality of rotating blades is configuredto receive at least a portion of the first fluid turbine downstreamfluid flow and generate a differential power output attributable to theat least portion of the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;determine from the first signals and the second signals that greateraggregate power output is achievable through blade phase coordination;determine a phase correction between the first plurality of rotatingblades and the second plurality of rotating blades based on the firstsignals and the second signals, in order to achieve the greateraggregate power output; calculate coordinating signals based on thedetermined phase correction; and output the coordinating signals toimpose the phase correction and thereby achieve the greater aggregatepower output.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary variety of fluid turbines, consistentwith some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an orthogonal view of a fluid energy conversion systemincluding a fluid turbine coupled to a generator, consistent with someembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is an orthogonal view of an exemplary cluster of geographicallyassociated fluid turbines, consistent with some embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary fluid energy conversionsystem configured to generate electric power from a fluid flow andoutput the generated electric power to an energy sink, consistent withsome embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is an exemplary schematic diagram of a charge controllerconnected to at least one sensor, consistent with some embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional top view of an exemplary fluid turbineconfigured with at least one mechanical brake, consistent with someembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit for controlling aplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines, consistent withsome embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is another schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit forcontrolling a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a further schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit forcontrolling a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is yet another schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit forcontrolling a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is an additional schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit forcontrolling a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is an exemplary chart showing a variation of power output versusrotational speed for a fluid turbine operating at various fluid speeds,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary braking circuit,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 is an exemplary graph of cyclical power signal generated by anelectric generator connected to a fluid turbine, consistent with someembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram of an exemplary process for coordinatedbraking of a plurality of geographically-associated associated fluidturbines, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram of an exemplary process for coordinating MPPToperations for a cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines,consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of fluid flows of a plurality ofgeographically associated fluid turbines, consistent with someembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 is an exemplary graph of a cyclical power signals over time,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 shows a sequence of images signals of a plurality of blades of afluid turbine rotating over a time period, consistent with someembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 is a chart of aggregate power output relative to a number offluid turbines included in a plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines, consistent with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 21 is a is of average power output relative to a number of fluidturbines included in a plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary cluster of fluidturbines, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 23 is a flow diagram of an exemplary process for synchronizing aplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines, consistent withsome embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and non-transitory computerreadable media for controlling and/or coordinating operations of aplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines (e.g., a clusterof fluid turbines). The fluid turbines referred to herein may beconfigured to harness energy from wind, water, steam, and/or gas flow.Although some non-limiting examples are given relating to wind turbines(specifically vertical wind turbines), these examples are intended forillustrative purposes only, and do not limit this disclosure.Furthermore, in some cases the term “fluid turbine” may be understood toinclude an electric generator in an integral fluid energy conversionsystem.

Various terms used in this detailed description and in the claims may bedefined or summarized differently when discussed in connection withdiffering disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that thedefinitions, summaries and explanations of terminology in each instanceapply to all instances, even when not repeated, unless the transitivedefinition, explanation or summary would result in inoperability of anembodiment.

Throughout, this disclosure mentions “disclosed embodiments,” whichrefer to examples of inventive ideas, concepts, and/or manifestationsdescribed herein. Many related and unrelated embodiments are describedthroughout this disclosure. The fact that some “disclosed embodiments”are described as exhibiting a feature or characteristic does not meanthat other disclosed embodiments necessarily lack that feature orcharacteristic.

This disclosure employs open-ended permissive language, indicating forexample, that some embodiments “may” employ, involve, or includespecific features. The use of the term “may” and other open-endedterminology is intended to indicate that although not every embodimentmay employ the specific disclosed feature, at least one embodimentemploys the specific disclosed feature.

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings.Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawingsand the following description to refer to the same or similar parts.While several illustrative embodiments are described herein,modifications, adaptations and other implementations are possible. Forexample, substitutions, additions, or modifications may be made to thecomponents illustrated in the drawings, and the illustrative methodsdescribed herein may be modified by substituting, reordering, removing,or adding steps to the disclosed methods. Accordingly, the followingdetailed description is not limited to the specific embodiments andexamples, but is inclusive of general principles described herein andillustrated in the figures in addition to the general principlesencompassed by the appended claims.

The present disclosure is directed to systems, devices, methods, andnon-transitory computer readable for operating a plurality ofgeographically associated fluid turbines (e.g., a cluster of fluidturbines) in a coordinated manner to allow the cluster of fluid turbinesto operate collectively as a single fluid energy conversion system. Insome cases, each of the geographically associated fluid turbines may beexposed to the same environmental factors (e.g., the same or similarwind conditions, water current, and temperature). In some instances,coordinating the operation of the geographically associated fluidturbines as a cluster may involve responding to changes in environmentalfactors. For example, if fluid speed exceeds a safety threshold foroperating a cluster of fluid turbines, braking may be applied in acoordinated manner to each fluid turbine in the cluster to preventdamage or breakage of mechanical parts for an entire cluster of fluidturbines. As another example, coordinated braking and re-starting of acluster of fluid turbines may involve coordinating and/or synchronizingelectrical power generation (e.g., AC power) from a fluid flow, e.g. tosynchronize a phase of the AC power output, to conform with regulationsfor supplying electrical energy to a power grid, and/or to charge one ormore batteries. As yet a further example, coordinating operations for acluster of fluid turbines may involve tuning the operation of each fluidturbine in the cluster to improve the performance of the cluster as awhole, e.g., as an integral fluid energy conversion system includingmultiple individual fluid turbines. For instance, the operation of oneor more fluid turbines in a cluster may be coordinated to exploitaerodynamical coupling between individual turbines, to apply one or morealgorithms for optimizing turbine energy conversion (e.g., an algorithmmay be applied to an individual turbine, to a subset of turbines in thecluster, and/or to each turbine in the cluster).

A flow (e.g., a fluid flow) may refer to movement or continualdeformation of a fluid under an applied force. Flow may correspond tokinetic energy of particles or molecules of a fluid. For example, atemperature gradient in a fluid may cause warmer fluid to rise andcooler fluid to sink in a cyclical flow motion. Uneven heating of theEarth by the sun (e.g., combined with the Earth's rotation) may causewind (e.g., airflow). Similarly, wind, water density differentials,gravity, and the Earth's rotation may cause ocean currents (e.g., waterflow). Examples of turbines for obtaining energy from a flow may includea windmill, a waterwheel, a steam turbine, or a gas turbine.

A fluid turbine may include a mechanical device configured to captureenergy from a fluid flow (e.g., a flow of water, steam, gas, or wind)and convert the captured energy to a form of work (e.g., a rotarymotion). A fluid turbine may be combined with a generator to apply thework produced by the fluid turbine to generate electrical power (e.g.,for feeding to an electrical power grid). A fluid turbine may include atleast one moving part (e.g., a rotor) coupled to a plurality of blades.A fluid turbine may have a horizontal axis of rotation (e.g., the axisaround which the fluid turbine rotates is substantially parallel to theground or flow), or a vertical axis of rotation (e.g., the axis aroundwhich the fluid turbine rotates is at a right angle to the ground orflow). In some embodiments the axis of rotation may be neitherhorizontal or vertical, and in other embodiments, the axis of rotationmay be variable. A fluid turbine may begin generating usable power whena fluid flow exceeds a lower threshold (e.g., a cut-in value). A fluidturbine may include a plurality of blades connected to a shaft. Fluidflow may cause the plurality of blades and shaft to rotate. Theplurality of blades and shaft may connect to a rotor of an electricgenerator for converting the mechanical rotational motion of theplurality of blades and shaft to electrical energy, as described ingreater detail below. Some embodiments may lack a shaft, with bladesconnected to a shaftless rotating disc or support. In such examples, therotating disk or support may be part of a rotor-stator arrangement.

In embodiments involving a shaft, the shaft may include a pole, a rod, apost, a support, a pylon, or any other axle or axis. In someembodiments, a shaft may be used to support one or more objects in avertical configuration. For example, blades of a vertical fluid turbinemay be connected to a shaft allowing the blades to be supportedvertically by the shaft which may rotate with the blades. Connecting theshaft with the blades to a rotor may allow transferring kinetic energyof a flowing fluid to a rotary motion by the rotor to produce electricalenergy.

A blade (e.g., as part of a plurality of blades) of a turbine may referto an object having a cross-sectional shape with a curved surface (e.g.,an airfoil shape or a cupped shape typical of drag-type turbines)configured to cause a motion (e.g., a rotational motion) consistent withthe fluid motion incident on the blades. A fluid turbine may include aplurality of blades mounted onto a rim of a disc for producing atangential force to rotate a rotor connected thereto. Moving fluid mayact on the blades of a fluid turbine causing the blades to rotate andimpart rotational energy to a rotor. The blades may extend from therotor in that they protrude from the rotor or from a mounting platemechanically connected to the rotor. Connecting a plurality of blades toa rotor (e.g., directly or indirectly) may cause the plurality of bladesto extend outwards and/or upwards from the rotor.

An electric generator (e.g., an alternator) may refer to a deviceincluding windings electromagnetically coupled to an alternatingmagnetic field via a rotor and stator allowing for conversion of energyin a non-electrical form (e.g., chemical, radiant, mechanical, thermalor nuclear energy) to electrical energy. For example, mechanical energyas rotational motion may be transferred from a turbine to a rotor of anelectric generator. The rotational motion of the rotor may cause analternating magnetic field to surround the windings, which may induce analternating current, thereby converting mechanical energy to electricalenergy. In some embodiments, the rotor may include a magnet or magnets,and the stator may include windings. In some embodiments, the rotor mayinclude windings and the stator may include a magnet or magnets. In someembodiments, the rotor may be configured to rotate within the stator.For instance, the stator may be formed as a ring or donut surroundingthe rotor. In some embodiments, the rotor is configured to rotate aboutthe stator. For instance, the rotor may be formed as a ring or donutsurrounding the stator. In some embodiments, the rotor is connected toblades that are configured to rotate in response to a wind flow. A windflow may refer to a fluid flow consisting of air. In some embodiments,the rotor may be configured to rotate in response to water flow on animpeller (e.g., paddle wheel, a water wheel), or in response to steam orgas flow.

A rotor may refer to a rotating component of an electromagnetic system(e.g., an electric motor, electric generator, or an alternator). A rotormay rotate, turn, or spin to induce a torque around an axis of therotor. A stator may refer to a stationary (e.g., non-moving) componentof a rotary electromagnetic system. A rotor electromagnetically coupledto a stator may allow for interactions between an electromagnetic coilof an electric conducting wire (e.g., windings) and an alternatingmagnetic field. The interactions may allow conversion of electricalenergy to mechanical energy as rotational motion (e.g., as in a motor)and to convert mechanical energy as rotational motion to electricalenergy (e.g., as in an electric generator). For example, energy may flowfrom a rotating component to a stator, as in a generator where a statormay convert a rotating magnetic field to an alternating electriccurrent.

Geographically-associated fluid turbines may refer to a plurality offluid turbines positioned in relative proximity of each other, to form agroup or cluster of fluid turbines. Geographically-associated fluidturbines may be positioned in an arrangement such that each fluidturbine may be exposed to substantially similar environmental conditionsand fluid flow (e.g., wind conditions, temperature, precipitation, watercurrent). In some embodiments, at least some of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may be fluidly coupled suchthat blade motion of a fluidly-coupled upstream fluid turbine may causea fluid flow or turbulence that may affect or influence the blade motionof a fluidly-coupled downstream fluid turbine in the cluster. In someembodiments, each of the geographically-associated fluid turbines may befluidly coupled with at least one other geographically associated fluidturbine. In some embodiments, at least one of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may be independent, such thatfluid flow generated by the blade motion of one of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may have no effect on the blademotion of any other of the geographically-associated fluid turbines, andthe fluid flow generated by the other geographically-associated fluidturbines may have no effect on the one geographically-associated fluidturbine, and at least some of the geographically-associated fluidturbines are fluidly dependent. In some embodiments, all of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may be independent, such thatfluid flow generated by the blade motion of any one of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may have no effect on the blademotion of any other of the geographically-associated fluid turbines.

In some embodiments, each fluid turbine in a cluster of geographicallyassociated fluid turbines may be connected to an electrical generatorfor separately converting the rotational blade motion of the fluidturbine to electrical energy. In some instances of this disclosure, theterm “fluid turbine” may refer to a fluid turbine connected to anelectric generator as a single fluid energy conversion unit. In someembodiments, a fluid turbine (e.g., each fluid energy conversion unit)may include dedicated electronic circuitry for monitoring, operating,and/or controlling the fluid turbine, as described in greater detailelsewhere in this disclosure, (e.g., the term “fluid turbine” mayinclude a fluid turbine connected to an electric generator and dedicatedelectronic circuitry).

In some embodiments, geographically associated fluid turbines may beinterconnected via electronic circuitry (e.g., the interconnectingelectronic circuitry may differ from the electronic circuitry dedicatedto each fluid turbine). For example, the interconnecting electroniccircuitry may connect to each geographically-associated fluid turbinevia each dedicated electronic circuitry. The interconnecting electroniccircuitry may allow the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines to operate collectively as a single fluid energy conversionsystem (e.g., as a central control). For instance, the interconnectingelectronic circuitry may allow coordinated aggregation of electricalpower generated by each geographically associated fluid turbine in thecluster for outputting the aggregate electric power to an electricalgrid. As another example, the interconnecting electronic circuitry mayinclude a controller for coordinating the operation of one or more ofthe geographically associated fluid turbines, such as to coordinatebraking, slowing, stopping, restarting, synchronizing two or more fluidturbines, controlling a relative phase between two or more fluidturbines, control a rotational speed, a rotational direction, and/or anyother aspect of operating one or more fluid turbines.

Electronic circuitry may include any combination of electroniccomponentry (e.g., memory units, switches, transistors, diodes, gates,capacitors, inductors, resistors, transformers, converters, inverters,rectifiers, DC-to-DC converters, more power supplies, voltage sensors,current sensors, or other electronic componentry) connected via one ormore connecting wires and/or contacts for performing one or moreoperations (e.g., logical operations) in response to receiving anelectric signal as an input (e.g., from at least one processor operatingas a controller). Circuitry may include one or more integrated circuits(ICs), including application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs),microchips, microcontrollers, microprocessors, all or part of a centralprocessing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), acceleratedprocessing unit (APU), digital signal processor (DSP), fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA), or other circuits suitable for executingcomputing instructions and/or capable of performing logical operations,e.g., based on a computing instruction or an input signal. The circuitrymay further include one or more memory units, such as Random-AccessMemory (RAM), a cache memory, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a hard disk, anoptical disk, a magnetic medium, a flash memory, other permanent, fixed,or volatile memory, or any other mechanism capable of storing dataand/or computing instructions for performing a logical operation. Thecircuitry may further include one or more communication channels and/orlinks. The communication links may couple the one or more ICs to thememory, thereby enabling the one or more ICs to receive a computinginstruction and/or data stored thereon required to perform acorresponding logical operation. The communication channels coupling theone or more ICs to the memory may include wired channels, such as one ormore cables, fibers, wires, buses, and any other mechanically coupledcommunication channel. The communication channels may include wirelesschannels such as short, medium, and long-wave radio communicationchannels (e.g., Wifi, BlueTooth, Zigbee, cellular, satellite), optical,and acoustic communication channels. The communications channels orlinks may include wires, cables, and/or fibers configured to transmitpower (e.g., AC and/or DC power) generated by one or more fluidturbines. The communications channels or links may include communicationlinks for transmitting electronic signals readable by at least oneprocessor.

Direct current (DC) may refer to a one-directional flow of electriccharge. DC power may be used to operate a processor or controller. Anexample of DC power may include power produced by an electrochemicalcell (e.g., a battery) or power stored in a capacitor. Electronicdevices such as processors, controller, and memory devices may be withDC electricity. Alternating current (AC) may refer to a bi-directionalflow of electrical charge exhibiting a period change in direction. An ACcurrent flow may change between positive and negative due to thepositive or negative flow of electrons, producing a sinusoidal AC wave.An alternator may create AC power by positioning a conductive coil(e.g., copper windings) inside a fluctuating magnetic field. Thefluctuating magnetic polarities may cause electric current in theconductive coil to change direction, producing an electrical waveformsignal. AC power may travel farther than DC power without losing power,which may be advantageous for delivering power from power generatingsystems to consumers of electricity. An electric generator may generateAC power, and an electric power grid may supply AC power to consumers.

A rectifier may refer to a device or circuitry that converts analternating current (AC) to a direct current (DC) signal (e.g., anAC-to-DC converter). A rectifier may convert AC power (e.g., generatedby an electric generator) to DC power (e.g., to power at least oneprocessor). In some embodiments, each of the geographically-associatedfluid turbines may be associated with a dedicated rectifier. Thededicated rectifiers for each fluid turbine may be housed in a separatehousing (e.g., per fluid turbine), or in a common housing for multiplefluid turbines.

An inverter (e.g., a power inverter) may refer to a device or circuitrythat converts a direct current (DC) signal to an AC signal (e.g., aDC-to-AC converter). An inverter may convert a DC signal to produce asquare wave, a sine wave, a modified sine wave, a pulsed sine wave, apulse width modulated wave (PWM) depending on the circuit design of theinverter. An inverter may convert DC power to AC power for transmittingto an electric power grid. In some embodiments, the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may be associated with a singleinverter for outputting collectively generated AC power to a power grid.

For instance, each AC power signal outputted by eachgeographically-associated fluid turbine may be converted to a DC powersignal via each of the dedicated rectifiers. Circuitry (e.g., includingat least one processor) may process the DC power signals to enablecombining each of the DC power signals to form an aggregate DC powersignal, such that converting the aggregate DC power signal via aninverter may produce an AC power signal that may be compatible fortransmitting to an electric power grid.

In some embodiments, a fluid turbine may operate under one or more loads(e.g., power sinks, such as an electrical grid and/or a battery bank)drawing power from the fluid turbine, causing a rotational speed of afluid turbine to slow down. Controlling a load on a fluid turbine mayhelp ensure compliance with one or more regulations, specifications,and/or recommendations relating to operation of the fluid turbine,and/or electrical grid, and/or a battery bank connected thereto. Forexample, absent a load, under high fluid speeds, a rotational speed of afluid turbine may exceed an operating threshold, potentially leading todamage or destruction. As another example, varying fluid speeds maycause a rotational speed of a fluid turbine to vary as well, leading toa variable power output that may fail to comply with the requirementsassociated with an electrical grid.

As a further example, overcharging may lead to damage or destruction ofa battery bank, requiring diversion of electric power to a differentload (e.g., a dump load) once the battery bank reaches capacity. A dumpload may provide a safety feature for a fluid turbine. Excess powergenerated under high fluid speeds may be routed to a dump load (e.g., ora dump resistor) to prevent the fluid turbine from spinning freely. Adump load may convert the excess power to heat. In some embodiments, adump load may function as an electrical brake for a fluid turbine. Insome cases, combining multiple AC power outputs from a cluster ofgeographically associated fluid turbines fluid turbines may cause the ACpower outputs to interfere with each other, resulting in cancellationsand loss.

For instance, aggregating different AC power outputs from differentgenerators may pose problems due to different operating frequencies orphase angles, which may lead to synchronization issues and potentialdamage. Combining different AC power signals may result in cancellationsif the phase angles of the signals are not properly aligned. When ACsignals are out of phase with each other, the peaks and troughs of thesignals may fail to line up, causing some of the energy in one signal tocancel the energy in the other signal (e.g., if a peak of one signal atleast partially aligns with a trough of another signal), leading to areduction in the overall power output of the combined signals (e.g., theaggregated power output). To avoid this, generators may be synchronizedin phase (e.g., by adjusting the phase angle of one generator or byusing a phase-locked loop) before combining the respective poweroutputs. Additionally, different generators may have different voltagelevels, which may need to be regulated and/or balanced beforetransmitting power. Moreover, different AC outputs produced by differentgenerators may be converted to DC for combining as an aggregate DC poweroutput before transmitting power. Furthermore, different generators mayhave different response times to changes in loads, posing difficultiesfor maintaining a stable aggregated power output.

A charge controller may refer to an electronic device configured to helpensure compliance of a fluid turbine with one or more regulations,specifications, and/or recommendations. For instance, a chargecontroller may prevent overcharging of a battery bank by a fluid turbinewhile limiting a rotational speed of the fluid turbine (e.g., when thebattery bank is full and/or under high fluid speed conditions), and mayallow aggregation of power from multiple fluid turbines withoutincurring loss due to interference. A charge controller may include anAC-to-DC converter (e.g., a rectifier), one or more of a voltage sensorswitch, a voltage regulator (e.g., for regulating a DC voltage forsupplying DC power to a battery bank), and/or a dump load (e.g., fordiverting excess power to prevent overcharging). In some embodiments, acharge controller may include a user interface (e.g., one or more LightEmitting Diodes, or LEDs) and/or features to protect against excessivevoltage, current, and/or temperature.

A charge controller may be connected to an AC output of an electricgenerator connected to a fluid turbine. The AC-to-DC converter of thecharge controller may convert the AC output to a DC signal (e.g., foraggregating with other DC signals produced by other charge controllersassociated with other fluid turbines without incurring lossyinterference). At least one voltage sensor switch of the chargecontroller may transmit the DC signal to charge the battery bank whenthe DC voltage level is beneath an upper limit for the battery bank, andmay divert the DC signal (e.g., excess DC power) to the dump load whenthe DC voltage level exceeds the upper limit. The voltage regulator mayregulate the DC voltage transmitted to the battery bank to comply withone or more specification, regulations, and/or recommendationsassociated with the battery bank.

An aggregate power signal may refer to a power signal produced bycombining multiple electrical power signals originating from differentpower sources (e.g., generators) into a single, merged power signal.Aggregating power signals may require synchronizing the generators(e.g., synchronizing the frequency, the phase angle, and/or adjustingthe voltage levels to reach a matched voltage level) or making the powersignals asynchronous in a synchronized manner. Once the power signalsfrom each generator are synchronized and matched, the power signals maybe combined using electrical devices such as power combiners or powerdistribution panels. The combined (e.g., aggregate) signal may betransmitted to an electrical grid or used to power a load.

In some embodiments, each fluid turbine of a plurality ofgeographically-associated turbines (e.g., a cluster of turbines) may beassociated with a dedicated charge controller. In some embodiments, asingle charge controller may be associated with the plurality ofgeographically associated turbines.

A capacitor may refer to an electronic component configured to storeelectrostatic energy in an electric field by storing electric charge ontwo opposing surfaces (e.g., conducting plates) separated by aninsulator (e.g., a dielectric medium). Applying an electric potentialdifference (e.g., a voltage) across the plates of a capacitor, may causean electric field to develop across the dielectric medium, causing a netpositive charge to accumulate on one plate and net negative charge toaccumulate on the opposing plate, allowing for storage of electricalenergy as a potential difference between the two plates. The plates of acapacitor may be connected to other circuit components (e.g., viacontacts of the capacitor) allowing for integration of one or morecapacitors into an electronic circuit. In some embodiments, a capacitormay function as a source of electrical energy (e.g., similar to abattery). However, a capacitor may be differentiated from a batterybecause a capacitor may lack a chemical reaction to receive, store andgenerate electrical energy. A capacitor may be manufacturable on amicroelectronic scale for integration with other microelectroniccomponents, e.g., in a photolithographic process.

A battery may refer to an electrical device configured to convertchemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa. A battery mayinclude one or more cells, each cell containing electrodes and anelectrolyte. When the electrodes are connected to an external circuit, achemical reaction may occur in the electrolyte, creating a flow ofelectrons, which generates an electric current. The amount of electricalenergy that can be stored in a battery may be determined by the capacity(e.g., measured in amp-hours, Ah, or milliampere-hours, mAh). Batteriesmay be rechargeable, or non-rechargeable.

A battery bank may include a plurality of batteries connected togetherin a series or parallel configuration to provide a larger capacityand/or higher voltage. A battery bank may be used to store electricalenergy generated by a renewable energy source, such as a plurality offluid turbines, e.g., for subsequent use by a consumer. In someembodiments, a battery bank may include multiple batteries connected inseries to increase the voltage while maintaining a steady capacity. Insome embodiments, a battery bank may include multiple batteriesconnected in parallel to increase capacity while maintaining a steadyvoltage. In some embodiments, a battery bank may include multiplebatteries connected in series and in parallel to allow increasingvoltage and capacity. A charge controller may be used to ensure that thebatteries in a battery bank have a similar state of charge and similarcharacteristics, e.g., to prevent overcharging, over-discharging, and/oruneven aging of one or more batteries included therein.

An electrical grid (e.g., a power grid) may include an interconnectednetwork delivering electric power (e.g., AC power) from a single orplurality of generators to a single or plurality of consumers. A gridmay be designed to supply electricity at a substantially steady voltagelevel under varying demand and supply by generators. A grid may use oneor more tap changers on transformers near to adjust the voltage formaintaining within specification. Attributes of power supplied to anelectrical grid (e.g., frequency, phase, power level) by one or moregenerators may be required to comply with regulations or standards. Atleast one processor may constitute any physical device or group ofdevices having electric circuitry that performs a logic operation on aninput or inputs. For example, the at least one processor may include oneor more integrated circuits (IC), including application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), microchips, microcontrollers,microprocessors, all or part of a central processing unit (CPU),graphics processing unit (GPU), digital signal processor (DSP),field-programmable gate array (FPGA), server, virtual server, or othercircuits suitable for executing instructions or performing logicoperations. The instructions executed by at least one processor may, forexample, be pre-loaded into a memory integrated with or embedded intothe controller or may be stored in a separate memory. The memory mayinclude a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a harddisk, an optical disk, a magnetic medium, a flash memory, otherpermanent, fixed, or volatile memory, or any other mechanism capable ofstoring instructions. In some embodiments, the at least one processormay include more than one processor. Each processor may have a similarconstruction, or the processors may be of differing constructions thatare electrically connected or disconnected from each other. For example,the processors may be separate circuits or integrated in a singlecircuit. When more than one processor is used, the processors may beconfigured to operate independently or collaboratively, and may beco-located or located remotely from each other. The processors may becoupled electrically, magnetically, optically, acoustically,mechanically or by other means that permit them to interact.

A processor may be configured to perform calculations and computations,such as arithmetic and/or logical operations to execute softwareinstructions, control and run processes, and store, manipulate, anddelete data from memory. An example of a processor may include amicroprocessor manufactured by Intel™. A processor may include a singlecore or multiple core processors executing parallel processessimultaneously. It is appreciated that other types of processorarrangements could be implemented to provide the capabilities disclosedherein.

At least one processor may include a single processor or multipleprocessors communicatively linked to each other and capable ofperforming computations in a cooperative manner, such as to collectivelyperform a single task by dividing the task into subtasks anddistributing the subtasks among the multiple processors, e.g., using aload balancer. In some embodiments, at least one processor may includemultiple processors communicatively linked over a communications network(e.g., a local and/or remote communications network including wiredand/or wireless communications links). The multiple linked processorsmay be configured to collectively perform computations in a distributedmanner (e.g., as known in the art of distributed computing).

In some embodiments, at least one processor may include a plurality ofprocessors configured to control a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines (e.g., a cluster of fluidturbines). In some embodiments, one or more fluid turbines in a clusterof fluid turbines may be associated with one or more specificprocessors, e.g., dedicated to a specific fluid turbine or a subset ofspecific fluid turbines in a cluster. In some embodiments, one or moreprocessors may be configured in a central control unit to collectivelycontrol the operations of each fluid turbine in a cluster of fluidturbines. In some embodiments, at least one processor may include one ormore processors dedicated to a specific fluid turbine in a cluster offluid turbines, and one or more processors in a central control unitconfigured to control operations of the entire cluster of fluidturbines. In some embodiments, at least one processor may controloperations of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines toallow the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines tooperate collectively as a single fluid energy conversion system.

A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (e.g., a memory)refers to any type of physical memory on which information or datareadable by at least one processor can be stored. Examples includeRandom Access Memory (RAM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), volatile memory,nonvolatile memory, hard drives, CD ROMs, DVDs, flash drives, disks, anyother optical data storage medium, any physical medium with patterns ofholes, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM or any other flash memory, NVRAM,a cache, a register, any other memory chip or cartridge, and networkedversions of the same. The terms “memory” and “computer-readable storagemedium” may refer to multiple structures, such as a plurality ofmemories or computer-readable storage mediums located locally (e.g., inphysical proximity to at least one processor and connected via a localcommunications link) or at a remote location (e.g., accessible to atleast one processor via a communications network). Additionally, one ormore computer-readable storage mediums can be utilized in implementing acomputer-implemented method. Accordingly, the term computer-readablestorage medium should be understood to include tangible items andexclude carrier waves and transient signals.

In some embodiments, a memory may include a plurality of memory storagedevices configured to store information for controlling a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines (e.g., a cluster of fluidturbines). In some embodiments, one or more fluid turbines in a clusterof fluid turbines may be associated with one or more specific memorydevices, e.g., dedicated to a specific fluid turbine or a subset ofspecific fluid turbines in a cluster. In some embodiments, one or morememory devices may be configured with a central control unit tocollectively store information for controlling each fluid turbine in acluster of fluid turbines. In some embodiments, a memory may include oneor more memory devices dedicated to a specific fluid turbine in acluster of fluid turbines, and one or more memory devices in a centralcontrol unit configured to store information for controlling the entirecluster of fluid turbines. In some embodiments, a memory may storeinformation for controlling operations of a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines to allow the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines to operate collectively as asingle fluid energy conversion system.

A sensor may refer to a device that may output a signal (e.g., anelectronic signal) in response to detecting, sensing, or measuring aphysical phenomenon (e.g., an electronic phenomena or a non-electronicphenomena). A sensor may be configured to convert a measurement of aphysical phenomenon to a medium (e.g., an electronic medium) forreceiving by at least one processor. Examples of sensors may include ananemometer for measuring wind speed, a water flow sensor, a voltmeterand/or current meter for measuring an electrical signal, a magnetometer(e.g., to measure a magnetic field), an accelerometer (e.g., to sensevibrations, such as blade and/or shaft vibrations or wobble), athermometer (e.g. to sense temperature), an optical sensor (e.g., tosense visible and/or IR light), a microphone (e.g., to sense sound),and/or any other type of sensor for measuring a physical phenomenon.

A signal may refer to information encoded for transmission via aphysical medium. Examples of signals may include signals in theelectromagnetic radiation spectrum (e.g., AM or FM radio, Wi-Fi,Bluetooth, radar, visible light, lidar, IR, Zigbee, Z-wave, and/or GPSsignals), sound or ultrasonic signals, electrical signals (e.g.,voltage, current, or electrical charge signals), electronic signals(e.g., as digital data), tactile signals (e.g., touch), and/or any othertype of information encoded for transmission between two entities via aphysical medium.

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) may include one or more algorithmsfor using the maximum power available in a fluid flow to extract maximumpower from a fluid energy conversion system (e.g., a fluid turbinemechanically coupled to a generator). As a fluid flow continually variesover time, the amount of power that may be generated from a fluidturbine may depend upon the accuracy with which the peak power points ofthe fluid energy conversion system may be tracked by a controllercontrolling a rotational speed of a fluid turbine. The controller mayenable maximum energy extraction by adjusting a shaft speed (e.g.,corresponding to a rotational speed) of a fluid turbine in response tovarying fluid speeds. The controller may adjust the shaft speed bysending an electrical signal to the copper windings of a generator rotorcoupled thereto. The electrical signal may introduce an impedance (e.g.,by shunting or shorting the copper windings) causing the rotor to slow,and causing a corresponding slowing of the fluid turbine coupled theretofor producing maximum power under varying fluid conditions. A chargecontroller may adjust a shaft speed by increasing or decreasing a loadon a generator connected thereto. Some MPPT algorithms may require oneor more inputs, such as the fluid speed, a rotational speed of the fluidturbine (e.g., rotor speed), a maximum power curve for a fluid turbine,or a mechanical power equation for a fluid turbine (e.g., obtainedexperimentally or via a simulation).

MPPT algorithms for fluid turbines may be based on direct and/orindirect power measurement, fluid speed measurement, and/or hybridand/or smart algorithms (e.g., based on artificial intelligencetechniques such as neural networks and fuzzy logic controllers) fortracking a maximum power point of a specific fluid turbine. Some MPPTalgorithms for fluid turbines may employ one or more fluid speed sensors(e.g., anemometers, ultrasonic fluid sensors), such as a Tip Speed Ratio(TSR) algorithm, or a power signal feedback (PSF) algorithm, describedin greater detail below. Some MPPT algorithms for fluid turbines mayavoid using fluid speed sensors, such as a perturb and observe (P&O)algorithm, an optimal relation based (ORB) algorithm, or an incrementalconductance (INC) algorithm. Some MPPT techniques may combine one ormore MPPT algorithms (e.g., hybrid techniques).

For example, a Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) Based MPPT Algorithm may use theratio between a fluid speed and the rotational speed of the blade tipsof a fluid turbine to regulate the rotational speed of a generatorcoupled thereto to maintain the TSR of the fluid turbine at an optimumvalue for extracting maximum power. In addition to the fluid speed andturbine rotational speed, a TSR algorithm may require the optimum TSR ofthe fluid turbine as an input.

As another example, a power signal feedback (PSF) algorithm may be usedto control a fluid turbine to extract maximum power from a fluid flow. Areference power level may be generated using a recorded maximum powercurve or a mechanical power equation for the fluid turbine. The curvemay be tracked for varying fluid speeds to control the fluid turbine tooutput maximum power.

As an additional example, a hill-climb search (HCS) control algorithmmay continuously track a power output of a fluid turbine to search for apeak power output. An HCS tracking algorithm may compute a desiredoptimum signal for driving a fluid turbine to the point of maximum powerbased on the location of the operating point and the relation betweenchanges in power and speed.

An MPPT protocol (e.g., for a single fluid turbine) may involvetransmitting signals to adjust a rotational speed of a single fluidturbine by adjusting a load, adjust a brake (e.g., a mechanical and/orelectronic brake), and/or use any other method to adjust a rotationalspeed of a single fluid turbine. In some embodiments, an MPPT protocolfor a single fluid turbine may involve increasing a load on a generatorconnected thereto and/or sending a signal to the generator to output amaximum (e.g., or near-maximum) energy at a point in time.

An MPPT protocol (e.g., fora cluster of fluid turbines) may involveadjusting a rotational speed of at least some fluid turbines in acluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines to cause the clusterto output a maximum (e.g., or near-maximum) aggregate power output at apoint in time and/or under certain fluid conditions. In someembodiments, implementing an MPPT protocol for a cluster of fluidturbines may include transmitting at least some signals associated withapplying an MPPT protocol (e.g., for a single fluid turbine) to at leastsome individual fluid turbines in the cluster, and at least some signalsunassociated with applying an MPPT protocol (e.g., for a single fluidturbine) to any individual fluid turbine in the cluster. In someinstances, an MPPT protocol for a cluster of fluid turbines may overrideone or more signals associated with an MPPT protocol for a single fluidturbine in the cluster.

In some embodiments, a charge controller may include at least oneprocessor to implement an MPPT protocol on a fluid turbine connectedthereto.

Reference is made to FIG. 1 illustrating a variety of exemplary fluidturbines 100 to 112. Fluid turbine 100 is an exemplary vertical windturbine, fluid turbine 102 is an exemplary horizontal wind turbine,fluid turbine 104 may be an exemplary water, gas, or steam turbine,fluid turbine 106 may be an exemplary Savonius (e.g., vertical) windturbine, fluid turbine 108 may be an exemplary Darrieus-rotor (e.g.,vertical) wind turbine, fluid turbine 110 may be an exemplary H-typelift vertical wind turbine, and fluid turbine 112 may be an exemplaryHelix (e.g., vertical) wind turbine. It is to be noted that exemplaryfluid turbines 100 to 112 are shown for illustrative purposes and arenot intended to limit the disclosure to any particular type orimplementation of a fluid turbine because inventive principles describedherein may be applied to any turbine or turbine cluster, regardless ofstructure or arrangement. Moreover, while some non-limiting examples mayrefer to fluid turbine any one of fluid turbines 100-112, these examplesare provided for conceptual purposes only and do not limit thedisclosure to any particular implementation or type of fluid turbine.

Reference is made to FIG. 2 is an orthogonal view of a fluid energyconversion system including a fluid turbine 100 coupled to a generator204, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fluidturbine 100 may include a plurality of blades 206 and 208 configured tospin in response to a fluid flow 210. Generator 204 may include a rotor212 and a stator 214, together housing one or more permanent magnets andcopper windings (e.g., the rotor may include the magnets and the statormay include the copper windings, or the reverse). Generator 204 may beconfigured to induce an alternating current (AC) when rotor 212 rotatesrelative to stator 214 (e.g., by generating a fluctuating magnetic fieldto surround the copper windings from the rotational motion). Kineticenergy contained in fluid flow 210 may exert a force on fluid turbine100 causing blades 206 and 208 to rotate. The rotational motion ofblades 206 and 208 may cause rotor 212 of generator 204 to spin relativeto stator 214, generating an alternating current, thereby converting thekinetic energy of fluid flow 210 to electrical energy. Although fluidturbine 100 is illustrated as a vertical-axis wind turbine and fluidflow 210 is shown as air flow, this example is not intended to belimiting, and fluid turbine 100 may be a horizonal-axis wind turbine, awater turbine, a gas turbine, or a steam turbine. Similarly, fluid flow210 may be water, gas, or steam, respectively.

Reference is made to FIG. 3 illustrating an orthogonal view of anexemplary cluster 300 of geographically associated fluid turbines 100A,1006, and 100C, consistent with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. Geographically associated fluid turbines 100A, 1006, and100C may be connected to at least one processor 308 via circuitry 310and one or more communication links 312. Communication links 312 mayinclude differing types of wired communication links (e.g., wires,cables, fibers) and wireless communication links (e.g., WiFi, BlueTooth,Zigbee, AM, FM, PM radio transceivers, satellite or GPS transceivers, IRtransceivers, ultrasound transceivers, and/or any other type of wirelesscommunications links). Communications links may include high powercommunication links, e.g., for receiving electric power generated byfluid turbines 100A, 100B, and 100C and/or for sending a load-bearingsignal to fluid turbines 100A, 100B, and 100C, as well as lower powercommunication links, e.g., for sending and receiving data between aplurality of processors and/or sensors.

At least one processor 308 may be configured to control each of fluidturbines 100A, 100B, and 100C separately or coordinate operation of eachof fluid turbines 100A, 100B, and 100C, for example, by coordinatingoperations such as braking, slowing, stopping, locking, unlocking,and/or starting one or more of fluid turbines 100A, 100B, and 100C,controlling a rotational direction and/or speed for any of fluidturbines 100A, 100B, and 100C, implementing an MPPT algorithm for one ormore of fluid turbines 100A, 100B, and 100C, controlling a relativerotational phase between any of fluid turbines 100A, 100B, and 100C,and/or performing any other procedure to coordinate operations for oneor more of fluid turbines 100A, 100B, and 100C. While cluster 300 isshown having three fluid turbines, this is for illustrative purposesonly, and cluster 300 may include as few as two fluid turbines, or morethan three fluid turbines. Moreover, FIG. 3 shows fluid turbines 100A,100B, and 100C as vertical wind turbines (e.g., corresponding to fluidturbine 100 of FIG. 1 ), however this is for illustrative purposes onlyand is not intended to limit this disclosure to any specificimplementation. Cluster 300 may include different types of fluidturbines, e.g., other than fluid turbine 100, such as one or morehorizontal wind turbines, as well as one or more water, steam, and/orgas turbines. It bears repeating that although the discussion of FIG. 3occurs in connection with the example turbine structures illustrated,the principles described in FIG. 3 apply to all turbines, regardless ofturbine structure.

Reference is made to FIG. 4 illustrating a schematic diagram of anexemplary fluid energy conversion system 400 configured to generateelectric power from a fluid flow and output to an energy sink 402,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fluid energyconversion system 400 may include a plurality (e.g., a cluster) 401 ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines 404 (e.g., fluid turbines 404Aand 404B). Each of fluid turbines 404A and 404B may be connected togenerators 406 (e.g., electric generators 406A and 406B), respectively,for converting energy in a fluid flow (e.g., fluid flow 210 shown inFIG. 2 ) to electric power (e.g., a total electric power output 440) forat least one energy sink 402 (e.g., a load). Total electrical poweroutput 440 may include a DC power output, e.g., for powering a batterybank, or an AC power output, e.g., for delivery to an electric grid. Insome embodiments, a portion of total electrical power output 440 may bedelivered as a DC signal to charge one or more batteries, and a portionof total electrical power output 440 may be delivered as an AC signal toan electrical gird. Fluid turbines 404A and 404B may be any fluidturbine, including but not limited to the various exemplary turbinesillustrated in FIG. 1 . Examples of an energy sink may include anelectric power grid, one or more batteries, and/or any other sink forelectric power. Generators 406A and 406B may convert mechanicalrotational energy received from fluid turbines 404A and 404B to aplurality of AC power outputs 408 (e.g., AC power outputs 408A and408B). Each of fluid turbines 404A and 404B and electric generators 406Aand 406B may be associated with a charge controller 410 (e.g., chargecontrollers 410A and 410B), respectively. AC power outputs 408A and 408Bmay be converted to DC power signals 412 (e.g., DC power signals 412Aand 412B) via charge controllers 410 (e.g., charge controllers 410A and410B), respectively. Charge controller 410 may include electroniccircuitry such as one or more of a rectifier (e.g., an AC-to-DCconverter), a voltage sensor switch, a dump load, a braking circuit, acapacitor, and/or a voltage booster. DC power signals 412A and 412B maybe conveyed to interconnecting circuitry 414 via a plurality of links416 (e.g., links 416A and 416B). Links 416A and 416B may include one ormore of coaxial cables, fiber, and/or wires configured to transmit powersignals.

Charge controllers 410A and 410B may transmit one or more electronicsignals to interconnecting circuitry 414 via communications links 420(e.g., links 420A and 420B). Links 420A and 420B may include one or morewired and/or wireless communication channels configured to transmit andreceive electronic signals between at least one processor 428 and chargecontrollers 410A and 4106.

Each of fluid turbines 404A and 404B and electric generators 406A and406B may be associated with at least one sensor 418 (e.g., at least onesensor 418A and 418B), described in greater detail below. Each at leastone sensor 418 may connect to fluid turbine 404 and/or generator 406,e.g., to sense one or more operational parameters associated with fluidturbine 404 and/or generator 406 connected thereto. Each at least onesensor 418 may connect to charge controller 410. For example, at leastone sensor 418A may connect to fluid turbine 404A and/or generator 406Aand charge controller 410A, and at least one sensor 4186 may connect tofluid turbine 404B and/or generator 406B and charge controller 4106.

Interconnecting circuitry 414 may include at least one sensor 438, atleast one booster (e.g. voltage boosters) 422, at least one capacitor424, at least one DC-to-DC converter 426, at least one processor 428, atleast one memory 430, at least one brake circuit 432, and/or one or moreinverters 434, interconnected via a communications link 436. In someembodiments, inverter 434 may be a single inverter configure to convertaggregated DC power produced by plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbine 404 to a grid-compatible AC signal (e.g., 110V, 120V,220V, 240V, or any other voltage level compatible with a regionalelectric power grid). One non-limiting example of an inverter that maybe employed is an IQ7 Plus manufactured by Enphase Energy, Inc. ofFremont Calif.

Reference is made to FIG. 5 illustrating an exemplary schematic diagramof a charge controller 410 connected to at least one sensor 418,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. At least onesensor 418 may include one or more rotation sensors 502, one or morefluid speed sensors 504, one or more vibration sensors 506, one or moretemperature sensors 508, one or more power output sensors 510, and/orone or more image sensors 524. The one or more rotation sensors 502 maybe configured with a rotating component of fluid turbine 404 and/orgenerator 406, such as with one or more blades and/or a shaft of fluidturbine 404, and/or a rotor of generator 406. Fluid speed sensor 504 mayinclude one or more as examples of an anemometer, a water currentsensor, a gas flow meter, and/or a steam flow meter for sensing a speedof a fluid flow affecting fluid turbine 404. Vibration sensor 506 mayinclude as examples one or more accelerometers, piezoelectric,piezoresistive, and/or capacitive MEMS for sensing vibrations of one ormore components of fluid turbine 404 and/or generator 406. Temperaturesensor 508 may include, for example, a thermometer, a thermostat, athermocouple, a thermopile, an infrared thermometer, a bimetallic stripthermometer, or any other type of temperature measurement device. Poweroutput sensor 510 may include, for example, a volt meter (e.g., avoltage sensor) and/or a current meter (e.g., a current sensor) formeasuring power generated by generator 406. One or more image sensors524 may include one or more cameras (e.g., a charged coupled device orCCD camera, and/or a CMOS camera for detecting visible light and/or anIR camera).

Each charge controller 410 may include one or more of at least oneprocessor 512, a memory 514, an input/output (I/O) 516 (e.g., forcommunicating with at least one processor 428 via communications link420), an electronic brake control 518, a mechanical brake control 520, ayaw control 526, a pitch control 528, and/or a rectifier 530. At leastone processor 512, memory 514, I/O 516, electronic brake control 518,mechanical brake control 520, yaw control 526, pitch control 528, andrectifier 530 may be interconnected via bus system 522. In someembodiments, a clock (e.g., of at least one processor) may be used as asensor, e.g., to schedule a maintenance or safety procedure, and/or tosynchronize operation of fluid turbine 404. In some embodiments, a clockmay be used in conjunction with scheduling software to issue alerts(e.g., signals) to invoke braking, slowing, stopping, locking, and/orunlocking of a fluid turbine by at least one processor.

Electronic brake control 518 may include an inverter and a booster,e.g., to implement an electronic braking mechanism. For example,electronic braking of fluid turbine 404 may be implemented by imposing aload (e.g., impedance) on generator 406. At least one processor (e.g.,at least one processor 428 and processor 512) may determine a suitableAC signal for imposing a specific load to achieve a desired level ofbraking. The at least one processor may transmit a DC signal I toelectronic brake control 518 of charge controller 410. Electronic brakecontrol 518 may use the DC signal to produce an AC signal, and thebooster of electronic brake control 518 may amplify the AC signal to alevel corresponding to the AC signal suitable for imposing the specificload on generator 406. The amplified AC signal may be transmitted to arotor of generator 406 to impose the load and thereby control (e.g., byslowing and/or stopping) fluid turbine 404. For example, the AC signalmay be used to implement an MPPT protocol, engage an electronic brake,adjust a phase of fluid turbine 404 (e.g., by slowing one fluid turbinerelative to another fluid turbine), adjust a rotational speed, adjust arotational direction, and/or to perform any other controlling operationon fluid turbine 404.

Mechanical brake control 520 may include one or more electronic switchesallowing at least one processor (e.g., at least one processor 428 and/orprocessor 512) to control one or more mechanical brakes (e.g. brakepads, disks, and/or drums) configured with one or more rotatingcomponents of fluid turbine 404 and/or generator 406.

In some embodiments, electronic braking of fluid turbines 404 may beimplemented by charge controllers 410, e.g., by diverting power producedby generators 406 to a dump load.

Reference is made to FIG. 6 illustrating a cross-sectional top view ofan exemplary fluid turbine 600 configured with at least one mechanicalbrake, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fluidturbine 600 may include blades 602 and 604 connected to a rotatableshaft 606, at least one mechanical brake 608, a generator 610, at leastone lock 612, and a charge controller 614 (e.g., corresponding to chargecontroller 410). Generator 610 may be connected to rotatable shaft 606for converting rotational mechanical energy by blades 602 and 604 toelectric power. Charge controller 614 may be connected to one or more ofgenerator 610, rotatable shaft 606, blades 602 and 604, at least onemechanical brake 608, and at least one lock 612. At least one mechanicalbrake 608 and/or at least one lock 612 may operate on any rotatablecomponent associated with fluid turbine 600, such as rotatable shaft606, a rotor of generator 610, and/or blades 602 and 604 (e.g., althoughat least one mechanical brake 608 and lock 612 are shown in FIG. 6 tooperate on shaft 606, this is for illustrative purposes only and doesnot limit the disclosure to any specific implementation). At least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 512 and/or processor 428) maycontrol a level of engagement and/or disengagement of at least onemechanical brake 608 and at least one lock 612 by sending signals tomechanical brake control 520 for controlling one or more switchesconfigured to control a level of engagement and/or disengagement of atleast one mechanical brake 608 and or at least one lock 612.

Charge controller 614 may receive signals from one or more sensors(e.g., at least one sensor 418) configured with fluid turbine 600 (e.g.,including rotatable shaft 606, blades 602 and 604, at least one brake608, and/or at least one lock 612) and/or generator 610. The one or moresignals may be received by the at least one processor to determineoperating parameters associated with fluid turbine 600. For instance,the at least one processor may use the signals to communicate withcharge controller 614 to engage or disengage electronic braking and/orto communicate with at least one brake 608 to engage or disengagemechanical braking. While a braking system is described above withreference to fluid turbine 600, this is for illustrative purposes only.The braking system principles described herein are intended to apply toall fluid turbines, including but not limited to the turbinesillustrated in FIG. 1 .

By way of a non-limiting example, reference is made to FIG. 7illustrating a schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit 700 forcontrolling a plurality 401 of geographically-associated fluid turbines404, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.Exemplary circuit 700 may be understood in conjunction with FIGS. 4 and5 . Fluid turbines 404 (throughout this disclosure including asdescribed in connection with FIGS. 7-11 ) may be any fluid turbine,including but not limited to the various exemplary fluid turbinesillustrated in FIG. 1 . Fluid turbines 404 may begeographically-associated as cluster 401. Each of fluid turbines 404 maybe connected to a generator 406 for converting energy in a fluid flow toan AC power output. Each of AC power outputs 408 may be connected to acharge controller 410. Each charge controller 410 may include at least arectifier 530, a brake circuit 712 (e.g., including a brake detectioncircuit), and a voltage booster 714. Rectifier 530 may convert AC poweroutputs 408 to DC signals, and may transmit the DC signals to brakecircuit 712 and voltage booster 714. Brake circuit 712 may be configuredto perform electronic braking on fluid turbine 404 (e.g., based oninformation received from one or more of at least one sensor 418). Insome embodiments, each charge controller 410 may be configured toimplement an MPPT protocol on generator 406 connected thereto. Each ofcharge controllers 410 may be connected (e.g., in parallel) to aninverter 434, which may be connected to an electrical grid 718 (e.g.,corresponding to energy sink 402). Charge controllers 410 may deliver ACpower signals to inverter 434, and inverter 434 may convert an aggregateof the AC power signals to an aggregate AC power output 722. Inverter434 may be associated with at least one processor (e.g., at least oneprocessor 428 of FIG. 4 ). In some embodiments, inverter 434 (e.g., viaat least one processor configured therewith) may be configured toimplement an MPPT protocol on fluid turbines 404, e.g., by manipulatinga load configured with electrical grid 718. For example, increasing theload may cause fluid turbines 404 to slow, and decreasing the load maycause fluid turbines 404 to increase in rotational speed. Thus, in someembodiment, a single inverter 434 may be configured to implement an MPPTprotocol on multiple fluid turbines 404 via multiple charge controllers410. In some embodiments, inverter 434 and electrical grid 718 may bereplaced by a battery bank 720.

By way of another non-limiting example, reference is made to FIG. 8 isanother schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit 800 for controlling aplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines 404, consistentwith some embodiments of the present disclosure. Circuit 800 may besubstantially similar to circuit 700 (e.g., in conjunction with FIGS. 4and 5 ) with the noted difference of a common (e.g., shared) chargecontroller 802 containing multiple rectifiers 530 for each of generators406. Each of generators 406 may be connected to common charge controller802 via multiple wires (e.g. three wires for each of three phases of theoutput AC power signal). Each of rectifiers 530 may be connected (e.g.,via two wires) to a common brake circuit 804 (e.g., including at least abraking sensor). Common brake circuit 804 may be connected to a commonvoltage booster 806 (e.g., a single voltage booster for all of fluidturbines 404). Charge controller 802 (e.g., common to all of fluidturbines 404) may be connected to inverter 434 for outputting AC powerto electrical grid 718. Thus, a common or shared charge controller 802may connect multiple fluid turbines 404 to a single inverter 434 viamultiple rectifiers 530 (e.g., one rectifier per fluid turbine 404). Insome embodiments, inverter 434 may be configured to implement an MPPTprotocol on each of fluid turbines 404 via rectifiers 530. In someembodiments, a cable may connect each generator 406 to single chargecontroller 410, due to relatively low power loss of a three-phase ACoutput. This may be advantageous when fluid turbines 404 are spread outover a large region (e.g., when the distance between any two of fluidturbines 404 is at least greater than a blade diameter for each fluidturbine, and/or when the cluster of turbines includes many fluidturbines). Circuit 800 may lack an MPPT control, may include anindividual MPPT control for each fluid turbine 404, or may include acentralized MPPT control for the plurality of geographically associatedfluid turbines 404, e.g., operating as a single fluid energy conversionsystem.

By way of another non-limiting example, reference is made to FIG. 9illustrating a further schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit 900 forcontrolling a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines 404,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Circuit 900may be substantially similar to circuits 700 and 800 (e.g., inconjunction with FIGS. 4 and 5 ) with the notable difference that eachof generators 406 may be connected to a different rectifier 530 (e.g.,via three inputs for a three-phase AC signal). Each of rectifiers 530may output a DC signal (e.g., via two wires for positive and negative)to a single (e.g., common) charge controller 902, including a commonbrake circuit 804 and a common voltage booster 806 for the plurality offluid turbines 404. Rectifiers 530 may be connected to charge controller902 in parallel.

By way of another non-limiting example, reference is made to FIG. 10illustrating yet another schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit 1000for controlling a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines404, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Circuit1000 may be substantially similar to circuits 700, 800, and 900 (e.g.,in conjunction with FIGS. 4 and 5 ) with the noted difference that eachgenerator 406 may be connected to a separate charge controller 410, witheach charge controller 410 including at least a rectifier 530, a brakecircuit 712, an MPPT control 1002, and a voltage booster 714. Each ofcharge controllers 410 may transmit (e.g., in parallel) DC power signalsto inverter 434 for connecting to electrical grid 718, or alternativelyto battery bank 720.

By way of another non-limiting example, reference is made to FIG. 11illustrating an additional schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit1100 for controlling a plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines 404, consistent with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. Circuit 1100 may be substantially similar to circuits 700,800, 900, and 1000 with the noted difference that each charge controller410 may include a rectifier 530, a brake circuit 712 and an MPPT control1002. Each charge controller 410 may output a DC signal to commonvoltage booster 806, which may transmit aggregated DC power to inverterand grid, or alternatively to battery bank 720.

Reference is made to exemplary Table 1 (below) comparing circuits 700through 1100 for harnessing power from a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines.

TABLE 1 comparing differing configurations for harnessing power from aplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines. Serial or High ##dump #voltage parallel to level Option rectifiers #brakes #controllersloads boosters controller? MPPT 1 10 10 10 10 10 parallel No 2 10 1 1 11 Parallel No rectifiers in controller to single controller 3 10 1 1 1 1Parallel No rectifiers at generator to single controller 4 10 10 10 1010 parallel Yes 5 10 10 10 10 1 Parallel to yes voltage booster

Reference is made to FIG. 12 illustrating an exemplary chart 1200showing a variation of power output versus rotational speed for a fluidturbine operating at various fluid speeds, consistent with someembodiments of the present disclosure. Horizontal axis 1216 (e.g.,x-axis) of chart 1200 corresponds to the rotational speed of a fluidturbine (e.g., measured as RPM). Vertical axis 1218 (e.g., y-axis) ofchart 1200 corresponds to the power outputted by a fluid turbine foreach rotational speed. Chart 1200 may include multiple curved lines,each curved line corresponding to a differing fluid speed (e.g., v_(w1)to v_(w6)). Each of the curved lines of chart 1200 may include a peak(e.g., peaks 1204, 1206, 1208, 1210, 1212, and 1214) indicating arotational speed at which a fluid turbine may produce a maximum (e.g.,or near-maximum) level of power for the corresponding fluid speed. Forinstance, peak 1204 may indicate a maximum power output for a fluidturbine when the fluid speed is v_(w1), and achievable when the fluidturbine spins at the corresponding rotational speed, peak 1206 mayindicate a maximum power output when the fluid speed is v_(w2), andachievable when the fluid turbine spins at the corresponding rotationalspeed, and so on.

Line 1202 (e.g., tracing the peak power outputs 1204 to 1214 for each offluid speeds v_(w1) to v_(w6)) may be used to determine a targetrotational speed for a fluid turbine to produce a maximum (e.g., ornear-maximum) power output under each fluid speed. In some embodiments,chart 1200 may be used to implement an MPPT protocol for a specificfluid turbine. In some embodiments, at least one processor (e.g., atleast one processor 428 and/or 512) may use chart 1200 to control a loadon a fluid turbine via a charge controller (e.g., charge controllers410, 802, and/or 902) to cause a fluid turbine to spin at a rotationalspeed corresponding to line 1202 for a particular fluid speed. In someembodiments, each fluid turbine in a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may be associated with adifferent version of chart 1200 (e.g., depending on the design andoperating parameters for each fluid turbine). In some embodiments, eachfluid turbine in a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbinesmay be associated with a substantially similar version of chart 1200.

Reference is made to FIG. 13 showing a schematic diagram of an exemplarybraking circuit 1300, consistent with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. In some embodiments, at least part of braking circuit 1300may be associated with any of charge controllers 410, 802, and/or 902.In some embodiments, at least a portion of braking circuit 1300 may beassociated with interconnecting circuitry 414. In some embodiments, aportion of braking circuit 1300 may be associated with any of chargecontroller 410, 802, and/or 902, and another portion of braking circuit1300 may be associated with interconnecting circuitry 414.

Braking circuit 1300 may include at least one processor (e.g., at leastone processor 512), memory (e.g., memory 514), mechanical brake control(e.g., mechanical brake control 520), electronic brake control (e.g.,electronic brake control 518), a rectifier (e.g., rectifier 530), afirst voltage sensor 1310, a circuit protector 1312 (e.g., including atleast one of an electrostatic discharge, over-voltage, and/orover-current protection circuits), a switch 1314 (e.g., a single pole,double throw switch), a first DC/DC converter 1316 (e.g., configured tooperate above a voltage threshold), a second DC/DC converter 1318 (e.g.,configured to operate below the voltage threshold), a second voltagesensor 1320, a capacitor 1322, and a DC output 1324. Rectifier 530 maybe a three-phase rectifier configured to produce a variable DC voltageoutput. In some embodiments, DC power output 1324 may be channeled to aninverter (e.g. inverter 434) for converting to an AC power outputsignal. In some embodiments, DC output 1324 may channel DC power output1324 to a battery bank.

At least one processor 512 may control braking for fluid turbine 404connected to generator 406 based on one or more signals, such as ACpower output 408 (e.g., a three-phase AC power output signal) deliveredto braking circuit 1300, and/or a signal received from one or moresensors (e.g., at least one sensor 418). Rectifier 530 may convert ACpower output 408 to a DC power signal. At least one processor 512 mayreceive an indication of AC power output 408 as a DC power outputmeasurement via first voltage sensor 1310. Fluid turbine 404 andgenerator 406 may be associated with mechanical brake 608. To controlmechanical braking of fluid turbine 404 and/or generator 406, at leastone processor 512 may send a control signal to mechanical brake control520 for engaging mechanical brake 608. To control electronic braking offluid turbine 404, at least one processor 512 may subject generator 406to a load via electronic brake control 518. In some embodiments, poweroutput sensor 510 may be associated with first voltage sensor 1310and/or second voltage sensor 1320.

By way of a non-limiting example, first DC/DC converter 1316 may beconfigured to operate at 500 Watts, receive an input ranging between18-60V and output a voltage ranging between 3.3-24V, switch on at 16.5V,an operate at an efficiency below 98.5%), second DC/DC converter 1318may be configured to operate at 300 Watts, receive an input rangingbetween 9-36V and output a voltage ranging between 8-24V, switch on at9V, and operate at an efficiency below 97%). Switch 1314 may channel DCsignals above or equal to 22V to first DC/DC converter 1316 and channelDC signals below 22V to second DC/DC converter 1318. In someembodiments, at least one processor 512 may subject fluid turbine 404 toan MPPT protocol by matching an electronic load imposed on generator 406to a rotational speed of fluid turbine 404 for a given fluid speed(e.g., based on a version of chart 1200 stored in memory 514) to producea peak (or near-peak) AC power output.

In some embodiments, at least one processor 512 may communicate with atleast one processor 428, e.g., to transmit information associated with aload imposed on fluid turbine 404. For example, the information may beused by the at least one processor to implement one or more MPPTprotocols (e.g., including an individual MPPT protocol or lower-levelMPPT protocol for a single fluid turbines, and/or a cluster MPPTprotocol or an upper-level MPPT protocol for a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines), to coordinate braking for acluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines, and/or tocoordinate blade orientation for a cluster of geographically-associatedfluid turbines.

For example, FIG. 10 may be taken together with FIGS. 4, and 13 as adetailed schematic diagram of integral fluid energy conversion system400. A version of braking circuit 1300 may be associated with each oneof MPPT controls 1002 of charge controllers 410, allowing each of atleast one processors 512 (e.g., each dedicated to one of individualfluid turbines 404) to coordinate operations for each fluid turbine 404(e.g., in isolation). In addition, interconnecting circuitry 414 mayconnect to each of MPPT controls 1002, allowing at least one processor428 to receive information from any of charge controllers 410 (e.g.,each dedicated to one of individual fluid turbines 404) to coordinateoperations for fluid turbines 404 operating in cluster 401 as integralfluid energy conversion system 400.

Reference is made to FIG. 14 showing an exemplary graph 1400 of cyclicalpower signal generator by an electric generator connected to a fluidturbine, consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure.Graph 1400 may represent a power signal produced by generator 406 asfluid turbine 404 rotates in response to fluid flow 210. In someembodiments, graph 1400 may be substantially sinusoidal, correspondingto a rotating motion of fluid turbine 404, where different stages ofrotation may correspond to the generation of differing levels of energy.

In some circumstances, it may be useful to quickly slow or shut down anentire cluster (e.g., a plurality of geographically-associated) fluidturbines. For instance, when all the fluid turbines in the cluster areexposed to similar fluid conditions, and one turbine of the clusteroperates outside a safety threshold, slowing or stopping all of thefluid turbines may preserve structural integrity of the cluster. Asafety threshold may be associated, for example, with a high wind speedor strong ocean current that may be likely to affect other fluidturbines in the cluster as well. Centralized braking may also proveuseful for other purposes such as system calibration, synchronization,maintenance, testing, repairs, and/or coordination to allow the clusterof wind fluid turbines to operate as an integral fluid energy conversionsystem. Embodiments are disclosed for a centralized braking system foran entire cluster of fluid turbines.

Some embodiments involve a system for coordinated braking of a pluralityof geographically-associated fluid turbines. A fluid turbine may includea mechanical device configured to capture energy from a fluid flow, asdescribed elsewhere in this disclosure. Geographically associated fluidturbines may refer to a plurality of fluid turbines positioned inrelative proximity of each other, to form a group or cluster of fluidturbines, as described elsewhere in this disclosure. Braking of a fluidturbine may include an exertion of a force affecting a plurality ofrotating blades of a fluid turbine. The force may cause the rotation ofthe blades to slow or stop, even under high fluid flow conditions. Insome embodiments, braking may be achieved mechanically, for example byintroducing friction (e.g., via a brake pad, drum, or disk) to one ormore rotating components of a fluid turbine. In some instances, amechanical brake may be engaged via a switch, allowing at least oneprocessor to control the mechanical break using one or more electronicsignals (e.g., transmitting a braking signal may turn on a switch toengage a mechanical brake, and halting transmission of the brakingsignal may turn off the switch to disengage the mechanical brake.) Insome embodiments, braking may be achieved electrically, for example bytransmitting an electrical signal to a rotor of a generator connected toa fluid turbine. The electrical signal may introduce an impedance in therotor, causing rotation of the rotor to slow, thereby and causing afluid turbine connected to the rotor to slow as well. Coordinatedbraking of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines mayrefer to a controlled or regulated force (e.g., an electrical and/ormechanical braking force) exerted on one or more rotating components ofeach fluid turbine in a cluster of geographically-associated fluidturbines. In some instances, coordinated braking may cause each fluidturbine in the cluster to slow or stop at substantially the same time,(e.g., substantially in unison) and/or according to a pattern (e.g., atime and/or location based pattern). Coordinated braking may allow atleast one processor to synchronize the operations of a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. In some embodiments,coordinated braking may allow a plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines to operate collectively as a single fluid energyconversion system.

By way of a non-limiting example, referring to FIG. 4 , fluid energyconversion system 400 may provide coordinated braking for plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines 404.

By way of another non-limiting example, FIG. 13 , each of fluid turbines404 may be associated with a braking circuit 1300 for enablingcoordinated braking of a plurality of geographically associated fluidturbines 404.

In some embodiments, the geographically-associated fluid turbines arewind turbines. Wind turbines may include horizontal axis turbines (e.g.,HAWTs) or vertical axis turbines (e.g., VAWTs). A HAWT wind turbine mayinclude at least one blade, and may typically include three evenlyspaced blades (e.g., spaced 120° apart). The amount of energy producedby a wind turbine may be proportional to the length of the at least oneblade. A VAWT wind turbine may include one or more wide bladesconfigured for receiving a wind flow, or one or more long, thin bladesconfigured to be aerodynamic. Due to the horizontal geometry of HAWTwind turbines, HAWT wind turbines with long blades for producing highamounts of energy may be located in remote areas to prevent the bladesfrom interfering with physical structures and/or living creatures.Clusters of HAWT wind turbines (e.g., wind farms) may span over largeareas (e.g., hundreds of square kilometers). The vertical geometry ofVAWT wind turbines may allow positioning VAWT fluid turbines withrelatively long blades for producing high amounts of energy in urbanareas. In addition, VAWT fluid turbines may be clustered (e.g., grouped)closer together than HAWT turbines, facilitating interconnecting acluster of geographically-associated wind turbines via interconnectingcircuitry.

In some embodiments, the geographically-associated fluid turbines arewater turbines. A water turbine may include reaction turbines or impulseturbines. A reaction water turbine may draw energy from a water flowpassing through, such that the water pressure of water exiting thereaction water turbine is lower than the water pressure of waterentering. An impulse water turbine may change a direction of a waterflow. The change may induce an impulse that may cause the blades of theimpulse water turbine to turn.

By way of a non-limiting example, FIG. 4 shows a plurality ofgeographically associated turbines 404 (e.g., including at least fluidturbines 404A and 404B) connected to at least one processor 428 viainterconnecting circuitry 310. Fluid turbines 404 may include one ormore water turbines, gas turbines, and/or steam turbines (e.g., fluidturbine 104 of FIG. 1 ), and/or one or more wind turbines (e.g., fluidturbines 100, 102, 106-112 of FIG. 1 ).

Some embodiments involve at least one processor (e.g., to performoperations for coordinating braking of a plurality of geographicallyassociated fluid turbines). At least one processor may include a singleprocessor or multiple processors communicatively linked to each other,e.g., to control operations of a plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines to operate collectively as a single fluid energyconversion system, as described elsewhere in this disclosure.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may be connected to plurality of geographically associated fluidturbines 404A and 404B, e.g., to perform operations for coordinatingbraking.

Some embodiments involve accessing memory storing information indicativeof a tolerance threshold for at least one operating parameter associatedwith the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines. Memorymay refer to at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium, as described elsewhere in this disclosure. Accessing memory mayinclude receiving and/or transmitting data to and/or from at least onememory to perform one or more operations (e.g., reading, writing,changing, adding, deleting, and/or any other memory access operation).An operating parameter associated with the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may include a variable orsetting affecting the performance and/or operation of the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. Examples of operatingparameters for a fluid turbine may include fluid flow speed, rotorspeed, blade tip speed, blade pitch, blade yaw, blade wobble, bladevibration, shaft wobble, shaft vibration, power output, generatortemperature, and/or any other parameter affecting the operation of afluid turbine. Operating parameters may be monitored and controlled by acontrol system (e.g., implemented via circuitry) for a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines to ensure proper performanceand efficiency. A tolerance threshold may refer to a limit or boundaryimposed on one or more parameters affecting the operation of a system(e.g., operating parameters) to cause the system to operate according to(e.g., comply with) one or more standards or regulation. The standardsor regulations may pertain to one or more interests, such as safety,efficiency, maintenance regulation, durability, damage-control, and/orany other interest for operating a system of fluid turbine. Thus, atolerance threshold may be associated with one or more of a safetythreshold, an operating threshold, an efficiency threshold, a durabilitythreshold, a performance threshold, a compatibility threshold (e.g., foroutputting power to an electrical grid), an energy-producing threshold,a maintenance threshold, and/or any other type of threshold for a fluidturbine. Controlling one or more fluid turbines to operate within atolerance threshold may facilitate proper, safe, and/or efficientoperation of the one or more fluid turbines, whereas operating one ormore fluid turbines outside a tolerance threshold may introduce risks ofdamage, harm, or injury. Information indicative of a tolerance thresholdfor an operating parameter associated with the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may include data encoding atolerance threshold for one or more operating parameters for a fluidturbine, and/or information that may be used to determine a tolerancethreshold for one or more operating parameters for a fluid turbine. Theat least one processor may access information indicative of a tolerancethreshold for the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbinesfor use in monitoring, controlling, and/or adjusting one or moreoperating parameters of the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may access memory 430 storing information indicative of a tolerancethreshold for one or more operating parameters associated with fluidturbines 404A and 404B. For example, the tolerance threshold may beassociated with one or more of a rotational speed for fluid turbines404A and 404B, a fluid speed affecting fluid turbines 404A and 404B,vibrations of fluid turbines 404A and 404B, temperature of fluidturbines 404A and 404B, and/or a power output of fluid turbines 404A and404B. In some instances, the tolerance threshold may be associated withinformation received by at least one processor 428 from one or more ofat least one sensor 418 configured with charge controllers 410A and410B.

Some embodiments involve receiving information from at least one sensorindicative of the at least one operating parameter for a particularfluid turbine among the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines. A sensor may refer to a device that may output a signal inresponse to detecting, sensing, or measuring a physical phenomenon, asdescribed elsewhere in this disclosure. In some embodiments, the atleast one sensor may include one or more of a mechanical sensor, anoptical sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, a temperaturesensor, a piezoelectric sensor, a Hall sensor, a thermocouple sensor,photoelectric sensor, a digital position sensor, a current sensor, avoltage sensor, a photoelectric encoder, a pressure sensor, a fluid(e.g., liquid) level sensors, a temperature sensor, a flow sensor,and/or any other type of sensor that may be used to detect position,linear displacement, pressure, temperature, flow, vibrations, rotationalvelocity, current, voltage, power, and/or any other parameter associatedwith the operation of a fluid turbine. At least one sensor indicative ofan operating parameter for a particular fluid turbine may include one ormore sensors connected to the particular turbine, one or more sensorsconnected to a device connected to the particular turbine, and/or one ormore sensors located in proximity to the particular turbine (e.g., andmechanically disconnected from the particular turbine, such as ananemometer located next to a particular fluid turbine but disconnectedtherefrom). The at least one sensor may be connected to a movingcomponent (e.g., a blade, rotatable, shaft, and/or rotor connected tothe particular fluid turbine) and/or a stationary component associatedwith the particular fluid turbine (e.g., a stator, an electrical output,an electrical input, and/or generator housing associated with theparticular fluid turbine). For instance the at least one sensor mayinclude one or more of a sensor configured with a blade (e.g., a bladetip) and/or a shaft of the particular turbine, one or more sensorsconfigured with a rotor connected to the particular turbine, one or moresensors connected to an electrical power output of the particular fluidturbine, one or more sensors connected to an electric input (e.g., forcontrolling an operational aspect of the particular fluid turbine), oneor more sensors for measuring environmental factors affecting operationof the particular fluid turbine, and/or one or more sensors associatedwith any other operational aspect of the particular fluid turbine.

Receiving information from a sensor may involve polling a sensorperiodically for an output signal, and/or receiving a signal from asensor, e.g., as a synchronized event and/or an unsynchronized eventsuch as a real-time interrupt event. The at least one processor mayreceive information from a sensor via a wired and/or wirelesscommunications link either locally or remotely, and may store thereceived information in memory (e.g., for immediate and/or subsequentaccess). For example, the at least one processor may receive theinformation from a sensor configured with a remote weather monitor(e.g., a weather balloon or weather satellite). Information indicativeof the at least one operating parameter for a particular fluid turbinemay include data measured by one or more sensors associated with aparticular fluid turbine and indicating a variable or setting affectingthe performance and/or operating of the particular fluid turbine. Theinformation may include a single measurement made at a particular pointin time, or multiple measurements made over a time period. In someembodiments, the information may include an average of multiplemeasurements made over a time period (e.g., over a 10 second interval,or a 30 second interval), and/or a trend over a time period. Theinformation may be indicative of a specific operating parameter (e.g.,fluid speed) or of multiple operating parameters (e.g., fluid speed,blade tip rotational speed, and rotor rotational speed). The informationmay be based on a single measurement (e.g., by a single sensor) or basedon multiple measurements (e.g., by a single sensor over a time period,by multiple sensors each making a single measurement, or by multiplesensors making multiple measurements over a time period).

In some embodiments, the at least one sensor includes a rotationalsensor, and wherein the at least one operating parameter corresponds toa rotational speed of the particular fluid turbine. A rotational speedmay correspond to a number of revolutions that the blades and/or shaftof a fluid turbine complete per minute (e.g. revolutions per minute, orRPM) or the number of completed cycles per second. A rotational sensormay include one or more of a tachometer (e.g., configured to measurerotational speed of a fluid turbine shaft), a magneto-resistive sensor,an inductive sensor, a Hall effect sensor (e.g., configured to use aHall Effect to detect a presence of a magnetic field for determining therotations of a fluid turbine shaft), an oscillatory sensor, an opticalsensor (e.g., an encoder and/or an infrared sensor configured to measurea rotational speed of a turbine shaft by counting a number of rotationsor by measuring a time duration between rotations), an ultrasonic sensor(e.g., configured to emit ultrasonic waves for measuring a distancebetween the sensor and the blades of a fluid turbine, from which arotational speed of the blades may be determined). A rotational speedtolerance threshold may limit a rotational speed of a fluid turbine toprevent blade erosion and/or stress on the blades and shaft of the fluidturbine causing instability and breakage and ensure proper, effective,and/or safely operation.

In some embodiments, the at least one sensor includes a fluid speeddetector, and wherein the at least one operating parameter correspondsto fluid speed affecting the particular fluid turbine. A fluid speed mayrefer to movement or continual deformation of a fluid (e.g., wind,water, steam, and/or gas) under an applied force for a given time unit(e.g., measured as kilometers per hour, or meters per second). Fluidspeed may correspond to kinetic energy of particles or molecules of afluid. A fluid speed sensor may include an anemometer (e.g., a vananemometer, a thermal anemometer, and/or a cup anemometer), anultrasonic fluid speed sensor, and/or a draw-wire displacement sensor,and/or any other device configured to measure a fluid speed and/or afluid direction. A fluid speed affecting a particular fluid turbine mayrefer to an amount of kinetic energy transferred from a fluid flow to aplurality of blades of a fluid turbine, causing rotation of theplurality of blades. The orientation of the plurality of blades relativeto the direction of the fluid flow (e.g., the incident angle between theplurality of blades and the fluid flow), the geometry of the blades,and/or the weight (e.g., inertia) of the blades may influence the amountof kinetic energy transferred from the fluid flow to the plurality ofblades, thereby influencing rotational speed of the fluid turbine. Afluid speed (e.g., together with the fluid flow direction) may be usedto predict a rotational speed of a fluid turbine, and may be used as anindicator if a particular fluid turbine is operating within a rotationspeed tolerance threshold. A fluid speed tolerance threshold may limitoperation of a fluid turbine within fluid speeds deemed safe and/orproductive to ensure proper, effective, and/or safely operation of thefluid turbine.

In some embodiments, the at least one sensor includes a vibrationsensor, and wherein the at least one operating parameter corresponds toa vibration of the particular fluid turbine. Vibration of a fluidturbine may include interactions between mechanical components of afluid turbine (e.g., a rotor, a stator, and/or rotation bearings of anelectric generator, one or more blades, a shaft, a braking mechanism, anadjustment mechanism) and a fluid flow, causing (e.g., regular orrandom) oscillations that may destabilize a fluid turbine and causebreakage. A vibration sensor may include an eddy current sensor, anaccelerometer, a displacement sensors (e.g., a laser displacementsensor, and/or a capacitive displacement sensor). A vibration tolerancethreshold may limit how much oscillation or wobbling may be permittedwhen operating a fluid turbine to ensure proper, effective, and/orsafely operation.

In some embodiments, the at least one sensor includes a temperaturesensor, and wherein the at least one operating parameter corresponds toa temperature of the particular fluid turbine. Temperature may indicatean amount of heat emitted by a fluid turbine. A temperature sensor mayinclude a thermometer and/or a thermostat (e.g., configure to activate aswitch when a threshold temperature has been reached). A temperaturetolerance threshold may limit how much heat may be emitted from a fluidturbine, to prevent overheating. For example, a temperature of agenerator (e.g., copper wirings and/or bearings of a generator) mayindicate an amount of power produced by the generator. If a generatorproduces a level of power exceeding a safety threshold, the generatormay overheat. Monitoring the generator temperature may indicate if afluid turbine is operating within a tolerance threshold. Controlling afluid turbine to operate within a temperature tolerance threshold mayprevent overheating, damage to electronic circuitry, and/or a fire, andmay ensure that the fluid turbine is operating properly, effectively,and safely.

In some embodiments, the at least one sensor includes a power outputsensor, and wherein the at least one operating parameter corresponds toa power output of the particular fluid turbine. A power output may referto an amount of AC power produced by an electric generator connected toa fluid turbine, and/or an amount of DC power outputted by a rectifierconnected to an AC power output of the electric generator. A poweroutput of a fluid turbine may indicate rotational speed of a fluidturbine. For example, a frequency of an AC power output may correspondto a rotational speed of a rotor connected to a plurality of blades of afluid turbine, to thereby allow determining a rotational speed of theplurality of blades. As another example, a power output (e.g., anamplitude of an AC and/or DC power output) may allow determining anamount of electrical energy produced by a fluid turbine, which may allowdetermining an amount of kinetic energy contained in the rotation of thefluid turbine. A power output sensor may include a voltmeter and/or acurrent meter connected to an output of an electric generator connectedto a fluid turbine. A power output tolerance threshold may limit howmuch power may be produced by a fluid turbine. Controlling a fluidturbine to operate within a power output tolerance threshold may preventthe fluid turbine from exceeding a rotational and/or temperaturetolerance threshold, to ensure that the fluid turbine is operatingproperly, effectively, and safely.

In some embodiments, the at least one sensor includes an image sensor,and the at least one operating parameter corresponds to image data ofthe particular fluid turbine acquired by the image sensor. For example,the at least one processor may analyze the image data to determine anRPM rate of the particular fluid turbine.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may receive information from at least one sensor (e.g., at least onesensor 418 of FIG. 5 ) associated with charge controller 410A,indicating an operating parameter for fluid turbine 404A (e.g., ofplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines 404A and 404B).For instance, at least one processor 428 may receive one or moreindications of a rotational speed for fluid turbine 404A and/orgenerator 406A from rotational sensor 502, a fluid speed from fluidspeed sensor 504, a vibration of fluid turbine 404A and/or generator406A from vibration sensor 506, a temperature of generator 406A fromtemperature sensor 508, and/or a power output (e.g., AC and/or DC power)of generator 406A from power output sensor 510. In some embodiments, atleast one processor 428 may receive image data from image sensor 524. Byway of another non-limiting example, in FIGS. 7 to 11 , at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 428) may receive informationfrom a brake sensor (e.g., a voltage sensor) configured with brakecircuit 712.

By way of a further non-limiting example, in FIG. 13 , at least oneprocessor 512 and/or at least one processor 428 may receive voltage data(e.g., corresponding to a power output of generator 406) from firstvoltage sensor 1310 and/or second voltage sensor 1320).

Some embodiments involve comparing the information indicative of the atleast one operating parameter for the particular fluid turbine with thetolerance threshold stored in memory. Comparing may include examiningand/or evaluating similarities and differences between two or morevalues, such as between two or more measurements, and/or between one ormore measurements and a predefined value used as a control. In someembodiments, the at least one processor may make a direct comparisonbetween the information received from the at least one sensor to thetolerance threshold. In some embodiments, the at least one processor mayprocess the information received from the at least one sensor (e.g., tocompute an aggregate value, a trend or a prediction based on a trend,and/or a statistical attribute) and compare an output of the processingof the information to the tolerance threshold (e.g., to make an indirectcomparison between the information received from the at least one sensorand the tolerance threshold). For instance, the information receivedfrom the at least one sensor may include multiple measurements (e.g., asdescribed earlier) and the at least one processor may compute anaggregate value (e.g. an overall risk level) from the information forcomparing to a single valued tolerance threshold (e.g., an overall riskthreshold). For example, the at least one processor may compute astatistical attribute based on multiple measured or sensed valuesreceived from one or more sensors (e.g., an average, a median, a mode, astandard deviation, and/or a variance), a maximum or a minimum, apattern or trend (e.g., based on a principal component analysis), acompressed form of multiple data values (e.g., based on a t-DistributedStochastic Neighbor Embedding, or t-SNE method), and/or any otherattribute of the information received from the at least one sensor. Asanother example, the at least one processor may receive multiple signalsfrom different sensors, such as a fluid speed measurement from a firstsensor, a blade tip rotational speed measurement from a second sensor,and a rotor rotational speed from a third sensor. The at least oneprocessor may compute an average (e.g., a weighted average) based on theblade tip rotational speed, the fluid speed and/or the rotor rotationalspeed to calculate an aggregate speed for comparing to a thresholdtolerance for rotational speed.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may compare the information indicative of the at least one operatingparameter for fluid turbine 404A with the tolerance threshold stored inmemory 430.

Some embodiments involve determining, based on the comparison, whetherthe at least one operating parameter for the particular fluid turbinedeviates from the tolerance threshold. Deviating may include departingfrom, failing to conform with, or violating (e.g., a regulation orrecommended standard). Determining may refer to making a measurement,comparison, estimation, or calculation to arrive at a conclusiveoutcome. Determining based one the comparison whether the at least oneoperating parameter for the particular fluid turbine deviates from thetolerance threshold may include identifying if the at least oneoperating parameter measured for the particular fluid turbine departsfrom or fails to conform with the tolerance threshold (e.g., byexceeding the tolerance threshold, falling below the tolerancethreshold, or otherwise diverging from the tolerance threshold). Forinstance, a deviation from the tolerance threshold may indicateviolation of one or more regulations and/or recommended standards. Insome embodiments, the determination of deviation from the tolerancethreshold may be based on a single comparison (e.g., a single operatingparameter). In some embodiments, the determination of deviation from thetolerance threshold may be based on multiple comparisons (e.g., ofmultiple operating parameters, of the same operating parameter overtime, or of multiple operating parameters over time). In someembodiments, the at least one processor may assign weights to multipleindications of differing operating parameters and compute an aggregatedeviation from the tolerance threshold based on multiple operatingparameters. In some embodiments, the deviation from the tolerancethreshold may be determined over a time period (e.g., for at least 10seconds, or at least 30 seconds). For example, the at least oneprocessor may refrain from determining a deviation from the tolerancethreshold if the deviation lasts for a brief duration (e.g., less than 1second, less than 10 seconds, less than 30 seconds, or less than anyother timeframe), and/or may require the deviation to continue for atime duration (e.g., 1 minute).

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may determine, based on the comparison, whether the at least oneoperating parameter received from at least one sensor 418 of chargecontroller 410A of fluid turbine 404A deviates from the tolerancethreshold.

Some embodiments involve upon a determination that the at least oneoperating parameter for the particular fluid turbine deviates from thetolerance threshold, send a braking signal to each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines to slow each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines. Slowing a fluid turbine mayinclude reducing a rotational speed of one or more rotating componentsof a fluid turbine (e.g., one or more blades, a shaft, a yaw mechanism,a rotor, and/or any other rotating component connected to the fluidturbine). Sending a braking signal to a fluid turbine may includetransmitting an electronic notification to one or more controlsconfigured to activate or engage one or more braking systems configuredto slow a fluid turbine. In some embodiments, a braking mechanism for afluid turbine may only be engaged while a switch is in an “on” state,requiring power to continually engage the braking mechanism (e.g., overa time period). In some embodiments, at least one processor may transmita braking signal to a fluid turbine in response to receiving a signalindicating a rotation speed of the fluid turbine exceeds a safetythreshold, that a maintenance or repair procedure is scheduled, that asynchronization procedure is scheduled, that a fluid speed exceeds asafety threshold, that an electric power grid has reached capacity,and/or any other criterion for braking a fluid turbine.

In some embodiments, a braking system for a fluid turbine may include anelectronic braking mechanism. An electronic braking mechanism for afluid turbine may include a device for emitting an electronic signalconfigured to introduce a load or an electrical impedance, causingrotation of the fluid turbine to slow, and/or cause shorting or shuntingof a rotor connected to the fluid turbine. For example, at least oneprocessor may determine a braking signal based on an amount of load orimpedance (e.g., controlled resistance) needed to cause a correspondingamount of slowing of the rotation of the fluid turbine (e.g. based on ameasured rotational speed, angular momentum, and/or moment of inertia ofthe fluid turbine), for example, the limit an RPM of the fluid turbine.The at least one processor may transmit the impedance-bearing signal toa rotor connected to the fluid turbine. The impedance-bearing signal maycause some of the kinetic energy of the rotating fluid turbine to beconverted to heat via one or more resistors included in circuitryassociated with the rotor and fluid turbine. The loss of kinetic energyas heat may cause slowing of the rotor and the fluid turbine connectedthereto. In some embodiments, energy lost through the impedance-bearingsignal may be harnessed to power other electronic components and/orstored for later use. In some embodiments, heat generated by electronicbraking may be monitored by a temperature sensor and transmitted to theat least one processor.

In some embodiments, the braking system includes one or more mechanicalbraking mechanisms. Examples of some mechanical braking mechanisms for afluid turbine may include a brake pad, a disk brake, a pin, and/or anyother mechanical component configured to slow or stop a rotation of afluid turbine in response to receiving a braking signal (e.g., via anactivation switch). A mechanical braking mechanism for a fluid turbinemay be associated with a rotor connected to the fluid turbine, a yawsystem of the fluid turbine, a shaft (e.g., a rotatable shaft) of thefluid turbine, one or more blades of a fluid turbine, and/or any otherrotating component connected to the fluid turbine. For example, at leastone processor may transmit a braking signal (e.g., an “on” signal) toone or more activation switches configured to activate one or moremechanical braking mechanisms for a fluid turbine. In some embodiments,the braking system may be a combination of an electronic braking systemand one or more mechanical braking mechanisms.

Sending a braking signal to each of the geographically-associated fluidturbines may include transmitting multiple braking signals, each brakingsignal targeting a different braking mechanism configured with adifferent geographically-associated fluid turbine. For example, at leastone processor may transmit one or more braking signals to each brakingmechanism of each geographically-associated fluid turbine viainterconnecting circuitry. In some embodiments, each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may receive a braking signal atsubstantially the same time. In some embodiments, at least some of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may rotate at differingrotational speeds, and at least one processor may transmit a commonbraking signal to each geographically-associated fluid turbines, causingat least some of the geographically-associated fluid turbines to slowmore than others. In some embodiments, the at least one processor maytransmit a braking signal causing each geographically-associated fluidturbine to slow by the same amount. In some embodiments, the at leastone processor may transmit a braking signal to slow the rotation of eachgeographically-associated fluid turbine such that eachgeographically-associated fluid turbine reaches substantially the samerotational velocity. In some embodiments, the at least one processor maytransmit a braking signal to each of the geographically-associated fluidturbines in response to determining that a rotational speed of just oneof the geographically-associated fluid turbines exceeds a tolerancethreshold.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , upon a determination thatthe at least one operating parameter for fluid turbine 404A deviatesfrom the tolerance threshold, at least one processor 428 may send abraking signal to each of geographically-associated fluid turbines 404Aand 404B to slow each of geographically-associated fluid turbines 404Aand 404B. For example, at least one processor 428 may send a DC signalto electronic brake control 518 (see FIG. 5 ) of each of chargecontrollers 410A and 410B, which may convert the DC signal to an ACsignal and transmit the AC signal to a rotor of generators 406A and406B, respectively. The AC signal may impose a load on the rotors ofgenerators 406A and 406B to cause rotation of the rotors to slow,thereby causing rotation of fluid turbines 404A and 404B (e.g.,connected thereto) to slow. As another example, at least one processor428 may send an electronic signal (e.g., a digital signal) to mechanicalbrake control 520 to activate a switch for engaging at least onemechanical brake 608 (e.g., see FIG. 6 ) configured with each of fluidturbines 404A and 404B and/or generators 406A and 406B, to cause slowingof fluid turbines 404A and 404B. By way of another non-limiting example,in FIG. 13 , at least one processor 428 may communicate with eachprocessor 512 of each braking circuit 1300 (e.g., each associated with adifferent one of fluid turbines 404) to send a braking signal tomechanical brake control 520 and/or to electronic brake control 518 sloweach of fluid turbines 404.

By way of a further non-limiting example, in FIGS. 7-11 , at least oneprocessor (e.g., configured with an inverter and/or MPPT control 1002)may send a braking signal to each of charge controllers 410, commoncharge controller 802, and/or common charge controller 902 to slow eachof geographically-associated fluid turbines 404.

In some embodiments, slowing of each of the geographically-associatedfluid turbines includes stopping each geographically-associated fluidturbine. Stopping a fluid turbine may include halting or ceasingrotation of one or more rotating components of a fluid turbine (e.g.,one or more blades, a shaft, a yaw mechanism, a rotor, and/or any otherrotating component connected to the fluid turbine), e.g., such that anangular velocity of the fluid turbine is substantially zero. Forinstance, at least one processor may transmit a stopping signal to flipa switch for activating a stopping mechanism for one or more of therotating components of a fluid turbine, causing rotation of the fluidturbine to cease. A stopping mechanism for a fluid turbine may includeone or more of a brake pad, a drum brake, a disk brake, a spring-appliedbrake, and/or a hydraulic brake, and may act to stop rotation of one ormore of a rotor, a shaft, a yaw mechanism, and/or any other rotatingcomponent of a fluid turbine. In some embodiments, a stopping mechanismfor a fluid turbine may only be activated while a switch is in an “on”state, requiring power to engage the stopping mechanism. In someembodiments, at least one processor may transmit a stopping signal to astopping mechanism of a fluid turbine in response to receiving a signalindicating that a rotation speed of the fluid turbine has slowed beneatha threshold, that a maintenance or repair procedure is scheduled, that asynchronization procedure is scheduled, that an electric power grid hasreached capacity, that a fluid speed exceeds a safety threshold, and/orany other criterion for stopping a fluid turbine.

Stopping each geographically-associated fluid turbine may includetransmitting multiple stopping signals, each stopping signal targeting adifferent stopping mechanism configured with a differentgeographically-associated fluid turbine. For example, at least oneprocessor may transmit one or more stopping signals to each stoppingmechanism of each geographically-associated fluid turbine viainterconnecting circuitry. In some embodiments, each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may receive a stopping signalat substantially the same time. In some embodiments, at least some ofthe geographically-associated fluid turbines may rotate at differingrotational speeds, and at least one processor may transmit a commonstopping signal to each geographically-associated fluid turbines,causing each geographically-associated fluid turbine to stop. In someembodiments, the at least one processor may transmit a braking signal toeach of the geographically-associated fluid turbines in response toreceiving an indication (e.g., from at least one sensor) to stop justone of the geographically-associated fluid turbines. For example, theindication may indicate a fluid speed exceeding a safety thresholdaffecting just one of the geographically-associated fluid turbines, andthe at least one processor may determine to stop all of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may transmit a signal to charge controllers 410A and 410B configured tostop each of fluid turbines 404A and 404B. For example, the signal mayactivate mechanical brake control 520 to engage at least one brake 608(e.g., see FIG. 6 ) configured with each of fluid turbines 404A and404B, and/or generators 406A and 406B. For instance, mechanical brakecontrol 520 may engage mechanical brake 608 after fluid turbines 404Aand 404B have slowed to reach a threshold speed by electronic braking(e.g., via electronic brake control 518 and/or any of charge controllers410, 802, and/or 902). By way of another non-limiting example, in FIG.13 , at least one processor 428 may communicate with each processor 512of each braking circuit 1300 (e.g., each associated with a different oneof fluid turbines 404) to send a stopping signal to mechanical brakecontrol 520 to stop each of fluid turbines 404 from spinning.

Some embodiments involve causing locking of eachgeographically-associated fluid turbine in a stopped state. Causinglocking a fluid turbine in a stopped state may include, after stopping afluid turbine, transmitting a locking signal configured to engage alocking mechanism for maintaining a fluid turbine in the stopped (e.g.,substantially non-rotating) state. A locking mechanism for a fluidturbine may operate on a rotor, a shaft, a yaw mechanism, and/or any orrotating component of a fluid turbine and/or generator. Examples of alocking mechanism may include a pin (e.g., a spring loaded pin), a rod,a bolt, and/or a clamp. For instance, at least one processor maytransmit a locking signal to flip a switch for engaging a lockingmechanism for one or more of the rotating components of a fluid turbine.In some embodiments, the at least one processor may transmit a lockingsignal to a fluid turbine in response to receiving a signal (e.g., froma clock) indicating the fluid turbine is in a stopped state, that amaintenance or repair procedure is scheduled, that a synchronizationprocedure is scheduled, that a fluid speed exceeds a safety threshold,that an electric power grid has reached capacity, and/or any othercriterion for locking a fluid turbine. In some embodiments, a lockingmechanism for a fluid turbine may only be engaged while a switch is inan “on” state, requiring power to engage the locking mechanism.

Causing locking of each geographically-associated fluid turbines in astopped state may include transmitting multiple locking signals eachlocking signal targeting a different locking mechanism configured with adifferent geographically-associated fluid turbine. For example, at leastone processor may transmit one or more locking signals to each lockingmechanism of each geographically-associated fluid turbine viainterconnecting circuitry. In some embodiments, each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may receive a locking signal atsubstantially the same time. In some embodiments, the at least oneprocessor may transmit a locking signal to each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines in response to receiving anindication to lock just one of the geographically-associated fluidturbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may transmit a signal to charge controller 410A and 410B to lock fluidturbines 404A and 404B. For example, mechanical brake control 520 ofcharge controllers 410A and 410B may include one or more switches toactivate lock 612 (e.g., see FIG. 6 ) configured with fluid turbines404A and 404B and/or generators 406A and 406B. For instance, the lockmay be an electronically controlled pin configured to engage with anorifice of fluid turbines 404A and 404B and/or generators 406A and 406Bto prevent rotational motion. At least one processor 428 may transmit alocking signal to mechanical brake control 520, to thereby engage lock612. By way of another non-limiting example, in FIG. 13 , at least oneprocessor 428 may communicate with each processor 512 of each brakingcircuit 1300 (e.g., each associated with a different one of fluidturbines 404) to transmit a locking signal to each mechanical brakecontrol 520, causing each lock 612 of each fluid turbine 404 to engageand lock each fluid turbine 404 in a stopped state.

Some embodiments involve receiving an unlock signal from a local orremote location and unlocking each of the geographically-associatedfluid turbines in response to the unlock signal. An unlock signal mayinclude an electronic signal indicating to unlock a fluid turbine, e.g.,due to conditions for locking a fluid turbine ceasing. For example, anunlock signal may indicate that a scheduled maintenance or repairprocedure has been completed, that a fluid speed has reverted to a levelwithin a safety threshold, and/or that an electric grid has capacity toreceive power. In some embodiments, an unlock signal may be receivedafter the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines havebeen in a locked state for time duration, e.g., as part of asynchronization protocol for the geographically-associated fluidturbines. A local location may refer to a close or nearby locationrequiring a short-range and/or near-range communications network (e.g.,wires, fiber, a bus, Wi-fi, IR, and/or BlueTooth) to send and receivesignals between the at least one processor and the remote location. Insome embodiments, a local location may include one or more locations inproximity to one or more of the plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines. In some embodiments, a local location may include anylocation in proximity to one or more of the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. Receiving an unlock signalfrom a local location may involve receiving an unlock signal via ashort-range and/or near-range communications network. A remote locationmay refer to a distant location requiring a long-range communicationsnetwork (e.g. long cables, fiber, a wide area network, AM or FM radio, asatellite communications link, and/or the Internet) to send and receivesignals between the at least one processor and the remote location. Insome embodiments, a remote location may include one or more locations inproximity to one or more of the plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines, e.g. when the plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines cover a large area. In some embodiments, a remotelocation may be associated with a weather balloon and/or a weathersatellite. Receiving an unlock signal from a remote location may involvereceiving an unlock signal via a communications network. For example,the at least one processor may receive an unlock signal from one or moresensors and/or processors (e.g., charge controllers) configured witheach of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines.Additionally or alternatively, the at least one processor may receive anunlock signal from one or more sensors and/or processors locatedremotely, e.g., from a weather server, a weather satellite, amaintenance server, a server associated with an electrical power grid,and/or any other remote location.

Unlocking a fluid turbine may involve disengaging a locking mechanismfor a fluid turbine. For instance, at least one processor may transmit asignal to un-flip a switch engaging a locking mechanism for one or moreof the rotating components of a fluid turbine. Unlocking each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines in response to the unlocksignal may involve transmitting multiple signals to each lockingmechanism of each geographically-associated fluid turbine fordisengaging each locking mechanism, and/or halting transmission of oneor more locking signals currently engaging each locking mechanism,thereby disengaging each locking mechanism.

Some embodiments involve, following the locking, the at least oneprocessor is configured to receive a fluid speed signal, and to cause anunlocking of each geographically-associated fluid turbine when the fluidspeed signal corresponds to a fluid speed within the tolerancethreshold. A fluid speed signal may include a weather forecast (e.g.,from a weather server), a reading by an anemometer or an ocean or rivercurrent signal (e.g., configured with a charge controller associatedwith one or more of the geographically associated fluid turbines),and/or any other electronic indication of fluid speed. A fluid speedwithin the tolerance threshold may refer to a fluid speed beneath anupper fluid speed threshold (e.g., a safety threshold, an operatingthreshold, a durability threshold, an efficiency threshold, and/or acompatibility threshold) and/or a fluid speed above a lower fluid speedthreshold (e.g., a minimal power generating threshold, an efficiencythreshold, and/or a compatibility threshold). For example, operating theplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines at a fluid speedbelow the tolerance threshold may be inefficient, ineffective, and/ornon-profitable. Once the fluid speed exceeds a lower fluid speedthreshold, it may be profitable to unlock the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines and resume power generation.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may receive an unlock signal from at least one sensor 418 (e.g., a localsignal) to unlock fluid turbines 404A and 404B. For example, the unlocksignal may be a vibration measurement received from vibration sensor 506indicating that vibrations experienced by fluid turbines 404A and 404Bare within the tolerance threshold, and that the conversion of fluidflow energy to electrical energy may resume. In response to the unlocksignal, at least one processor 428 may halt transmitting the lockingsignal to mechanical brake control 520, causing disengagement of lock612 of fluid turbines 404A and 404B. By way of another non-limitingexample, in FIG. 13 , at least one processor 428 may communicate witheach processor 512 of each braking circuit 1300 (e.g., each associatedwith a different one of fluid turbines 404) to halt transmitting alocking signal to mechanical brake control 520 and thereby disengageeach lock 612 of each of fluid turbines 404.

Some embodiments involve, following the slowing, the at least oneprocessor is configured to receive a fluid speed signal, and to cause arelease of the braking for each geographically-associated fluid turbinewhen the fluid speed signal corresponds to a fluid speed within thetolerance threshold. Causing a release of the braking of a fluid turbinemay refer to causing disengagement of a braking mechanism configuredwith the fluid turbine. For instance, a mechanical brake may be releasedby halting transmission of a signal, thereby deactivating a switchengaging the mechanical brake, causing the brake pads, disks, or drumsto disconnect from the fluid turbine. An electronic brake may bereleased by halting transmission of a load-bearing signal introducing animpedance to a rotor connected to the fluid turbine, thereby removingthe load and allowing the turbine to spin more freely. When the fluidspeed signal corresponds to a fluid speed within the tolerance thresholdmay refer to a fluid speed beneath a fluid speed tolerance threshold.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may receive a fluid speed signal from fluid speed sensor 504, indicatingthat the current fluid speed is within the tolerance threshold for fluidturbines 404A and 404B, and that therefore the conversion of fluid flowenergy to electrical energy may resume. In response to the fluid speedsignal, at least one processor 428 may halt transmitting a brakingsignal to electronic brake control 518, and/to mechanical brake control520, causing at least one brake 608 of fluid turbines 404A and 404Band/or generators 406A and 406B to release. By way of anothernon-limiting example, in FIG. 13 , at least one processor 428 maycommunicate with each processor 512 of each braking circuit 1300 (e.g.,each associated with a different one of fluid turbines 404) to halttransmitting a braking signal to each electronic brake control 518.

In some embodiments, the braking signal is configured to synchronizeeach fluid turbine in the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines. Synchronizing may include coordinating or regulating, e.g.,operation of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbinesin a cooperative manner. Causing each geographically-associated fluidturbine to slow, stop and/or restart at substantially the same time mayallow coordinating the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines to operate as a single fluid energy conversion system. Forexample, at least one processor may synchronize the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines to ensure that a combined poweroutput from the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbinemeets certain criteria (e.g., minimal or maximal thresholds to meet gridcompatibility, safety, efficiency, and/or profitability criteria). Asanother example, at least one processor may synchronize the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines to allow performing testingand/or maintenance of the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines.

In some embodiments, synchronizing allows for application of a MaximumPower Point Tracking (MPPT) protocol to the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines upon release of braking.Release of braking may involve halting the sending of a braking signalconfigured to slow and/or stop a fluid turbine. For instance, afterstopping or slowing the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines (e.g., to a substantially common rotational velocity), the atleast one processor may release braking, allowing eachgeographically-associated fluid turbine to resume converting energy froma fluid flow to electrical energy. An MPPT protocol may be understood asdescribed elsewhere in this disclosure. Application of an MPPT protocolto the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines may involveat least one processor transmitting a plurality of signals to theplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines, the plurality ofsignals configured to apply one or more loads to one or more rotors ofthe geographically-associated fluid turbines. The one or more loads mayallow extracting a maximum (e.g., near maximum) amount of power from theplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines operating as asingle fluid energy conversion system.

In some embodiments, the synchronizing harmonizes rotational timing foreach turbine in the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines. A rotational timing of a fluid turbine may refer to arotational frequency of each fluid turbine (e.g., corresponding to arotational frequency of a rotor connected thereto, for example measureas RMP or cycles per second). Harmonizing a rotational timing mayinvolve coordinating the rotational timing such that each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines may spin at substantially thesame frequency. In some embodiments, harmonizing rotational timing foreach geographically-associated fluid turbine may cause thegeographically-associated fluid turbines to produce substantially thesame level of electric power output and/or electric power output signalshaving substantially the same frequency.

In some embodiments, the synchronizing coordinates a rotationalorientation of each turbine in the plurality ofgeographically-associated turbines. A rotational orientation of a fluidturbine may refer to a rotational direction (e.g., clockwise orcounter-clockwise). Coordinating a rotational orientation of each fluidturbine may include controlling or regulating the rotational orientationof each fluid turbine. For example, the at least one processor may applya braking signal to cause all of the geographically-associated fluidturbines to rotate clockwise, or counter-clockwise, or to alternatebetween clockwise rotating fluid turbines and counter-clockwise rotatingfluid turbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may transmit a braking signal to at least one brake 608 to synchronizeeach of fluid turbines 404A and 404B, e.g., by synchronizing therotations. For example, synchronizing may allow at least one processor428 to simultaneously apply an MPPT protocol to each of fluid turbines404A and 404B, such that a joint operation of fluid turbines 404A and404B extracts a maximum power (e.g., or a near maximum power) from afluid flow. As another example, the synchronization may allow at leastone processor 428 to harmonize a frequency of rotation, starting and/orstopping of rotation, delays in rotation, and/or any other rotationaltiming attribute for fluid turbines 404A and 404B. As a further example,the synchronization may allow at least one processor 428 to harmonize arotational orientation of fluid turbines 404A and 404B, e.g., to causeboth of fluid turbines 404A and 404B to spin clockwise orcounterclockwise, or alternatively to cause fluid turbine 404A to spinclockwise and fluid turbine 404B to spin counter-clockwise. By way ofanother non-limiting example, in FIG. 13 , at least one processor 428may communicate with each processor 512 of each braking circuit 1300(e.g., each associated with a different one of fluid turbines 404) tosynchronize the operation of fluid turbines 404 via electronic brakecontrol 518 and/or mechanical brake control 520.

By way of another non-limiting example, in FIGS. 7-11 , at least oneprocessor (e.g., configured with inverter 434) may transmit a brakingsignal to brake circuit 712 to synchronize fluid turbines 404.Synchronizing fluid turbines 404 may allow the at least one processor toapply an MPPT protocol to each of fluid turbines to extract a maximum(e.g., or near maximum) power from a fluid flow. Similarly, the at leastone processor may harmonize a frequency of rotation and/or a rotationalorientation of fluid turbines 404.

Some embodiments involve a non-transitory computer readable mediumcontaining instructions that when executed by at least one processorcause the at least one processor to perform operations for coordinatedbraking of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines, theoperations comprising: accessing memory storing information indicativeof a tolerance threshold for at least one operating parameter associatedwith the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;receiving information from at least one sensor indicative of on the atleast one operating parameter for a particular fluid turbine among theplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines; compare theinformation indicative of the at least one operating parameter for theparticular fluid turbine with the tolerance threshold stored in memory;determining, based on the comparison, whether the at least one operatingparameter for the particular fluid turbine deviates from the tolerancethreshold; and upon a determination that the at least one operatingparameter for the particular fluid turbine exceeds the tolerancethreshold, sending a braking signal to each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines to slow each of thegeographically-associated fluid turbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may perform operations for coordinated braking ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines 404A and 404B. At least oneprocessor 428 may access memory 430 storing information indicative of atolerance threshold for at least one operating parameter associated withgeographically-associated fluid turbines 404A and 404B. At least oneprocessor 428 may receive information from at least one sensor (e.g., atleast one sensor 418 of FIG. 5 ) indicative of on the at least oneoperating parameter for fluid turbine 404A. At least one processor 428may compare the information indicative of the at least one operatingparameter for fluid turbine 404A with the tolerance threshold stored inmemory 430. At least one processor 428 may determine, based on thecomparison, whether the at least one operating parameter for fluidturbine 404A deviates from the tolerance threshold (e.g. for both offluid turbines 404A and 404B). Upon determining that the at least oneoperating parameter for fluid turbine 404A exceeds the tolerancethreshold, at least one processor 428 may send a braking signal to eachof charge controllers 410A and 410A, which may engage an electronicbrake (e.g., via electronic brake control 518 and/or charge controllers410) and/or at least one mechanical brake 608 (e.g., via mechanicalbrake control 520) of geographically-associated fluid turbines 404A and404B, to at least slow each of the geographically-associated fluidturbines 404A and 404B.

FIG. 15 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary process 1500 forcoordinated braking of a plurality of geographically-associatedassociated fluid turbines, consistent with embodiments of the presentdisclosure. In some embodiments, process 1500 may be performed by atleast one processor (e.g., at least one processor 428 and/or processor512) to perform operations or functions described herein. In someembodiments, some aspects of process 1500 may be implemented as software(e.g., program codes or instructions) that are stored in a memory (e.g.,memory 430 and/or memory 514) or a non-transitory computer readablemedium. In some embodiments, some aspects of process 1500 may beimplemented as hardware (e.g., a specific-purpose circuit). In someembodiments, process 1500 may be implemented as a combination ofsoftware and hardware.

Referring to FIG. 15 , process 1500 includes a step 1502 of accessingmemory storing information indicative of a tolerance threshold for atleast one operating parameter associated with the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. By way of a non-limitingexample, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428 may access memory 430storing a tolerance threshold for a rotational speed associated withfluid turbines 404A and 404B. Process 1500 includes a step 1504 ofreceiving information from at least one sensor indicative of at leastone operating parameter for a particular fluid turbine among theplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines. By way of anon-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428 may receivea rotational speed from rotation sensor 502 of charge controller 410A offluid turbine 404A. Process 1500 includes a step 1506 of comparing theinformation indicative of the at least one operating parameter for theparticular fluid turbine with the tolerance threshold stored in memory.By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may compare the rotational speed tolerance threshold retrieved frommemory 430 to the rotational speed for fluid turbine 404A received fromrotation sensor 502 associated with charge controller 410A. Process 1500includes a step 1508 of determining, based on the comparison, whetherthe at least one operating parameter for the particular fluid turbinedeviates from the tolerance threshold. By way of a non-limiting example,based on the comparison, at least one processor 428 may determine thatfluid turbine 404A is spinning at a rate that exceeds the rotation speedtolerance threshold. Process 1500 includes a step 1510 of, upon adetermination that the at least one operating parameter for theparticular fluid turbine exceeds the tolerance threshold, sending abraking signal to each of the geographically-associated fluid turbinesto slow each of the geographically-associated fluid turbines. By way ofa non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428 may senda braking signal to charge controller 410A and 410B of fluid turbines404A and 404B, respectively, to slow each of fluid turbines 404A and404B. By way of another non-limiting example, in FIGS. 7-11 , at leastone processor (e.g., configured with inverter 434) may send a brakingsignal to any of charge controllers 410, 802 and/or 902 to slow fluidturbines 404.

Applying an MPPT protocol to a cluster of geographically-associatedfluid turbines may be beneficial for improving efficiency of the clusteras a whole. However, clustering geographically-associated fluid turbinesmay cause at least some fluid turbines of the cluster to becomefluid-dynamically coupled in a less than optimal manner. Consequently,some fluid turbines may be affected differently when fluid flows throughthe cluster, as one or more downstream fluid turbines may beadditionally affected by turbulence and/or draft generated by one ormore upstream fluid turbines of the cluster. Moreover, a load predictedby an MPPT protocol to produce an optimal (or near-optimal) performancewhen applied to a single (e.g., isolated) fluid turbine may cause afluid-dynamically coupled fluid turbine to produce a sub-optimalperformance since the fluid flow used in the MPPT calculation may notaccount for fluid effects of other fluid turbines. To allow coordinatingoperations for a cluster of fluid turbine, systems, devices, methods,and non-transitory computer readable are disclosed for a coordinatedMPPT protocol for a cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines.The coordinated MPPT protocol may predict a loading state for a clusterof geographically-associated fluid turbines for improving a predictedpower output for the entire cluster. In some instances, a loading statepredicted for a cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines mayoverride one or more loading states predicted by an MPPT protocolapplied to an isolated fluid turbine. In some embodiments, acluster-level MPPT protocol may be applied in the absence of MPPTcontrollers dedicated to the individual fluid turbines.

Some embodiments involve a system for coordinating MPPT operations for acluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines. A fluid turbine mayinclude a mechanical device configured to capture energy from a fluidflow, as described elsewhere in this disclosure. A cluster ofgeographically associated fluid turbines may refer to a plurality offluid turbines positioned in relative proximity to each other, asdescribed elsewhere in this disclosure. Coordinating may include tuning,adjusting, synchronizing, and/or organizing, e.g., to achieve a targetedoutcome.

In some embodiments, the cluster of fluid turbines includes horizontalaxis turbines. Horizontal axis turbines (e.g., HAWTs) may refer to fluidturbines where an axis of rotation of the turbine blades may besubstantially parallel to a fluid flow. In some embodiments, the clusterof fluid turbines includes vertical axis turbines. Vertical axisturbines (e.g., VAWTs) may refer to fluid turbines where an axis ofrotation for the turbine blades may be substantially perpendicular to afluid flow. In some embodiments, the cluster of fluid turbines mayinclude drag fluid turbines. A drag fluid turbine may be propelleddirectly by a fluid flow and may reach a maximum rotational speedcorresponding to the fluid flow speed. In some embodiments, the clusterof fluid turbines may include lift fluid turbines. A lift fluid turbinemay have an airfoil shape (e.g., similar to a wing or a sail) and may beconfigured to cause an increase in lift force by presenting a greaterangle to the fluid flow (e.g., an angle of attack). A lift fluid turbinemay spin at a rotational speed greater than a fluid flow. In someembodiments, the fluid turbines are wind turbines. Wind turbines mayrefer to fluid turbines configured to convert an airflow to kineticenergy or mechanical rotational motion. A generator driven by a windturbine may convert mechanical rotational motion to electrical energy.In some embodiments, the fluid turbines are water turbines. Waterturbines may refer to fluid turbines configured to convert a water flow(e.g., a river, a waterfall, a hydroelectric dam, an ocean current) toelectrical energy.

By way of a non-limiting example, FIG. 1 shows horizontal axis fluidturbine 102, and vertical axis fluid turbines 100, and 106-112. Fluidturbines 100 and 102 may be wind turbines, and fluid turbine 104 may bea water turbine.

MPPT operations may include one or more procedures associated with anMPPT protocol configured to coordinate fluid power capture of a fluidturbine by adjusting a rotational speed thereof. For each fluid speed,there may be an optimal or near-optimal rotational speed for aparticular turbine at which the particular turbine may output a maximumor near-maximum amount of power. Therefore, a fluid turbine may bedesigned to operate at a maximum (or near maximum) power output whensubjected to differing fluid speeds by spinning at differing rotationalspeeds. An MPPT operation may adjust a rotational speed of a fluidturbine to achieve an optimal (e.g., or near optimal) rotational speedfor a given fluid speed by adjusting a load imposed on the fluidturbine. In some embodiments, a charge controller may adjust a load on afluid turbine, e.g., by diverting some power generated by the fluidturbine to a dump load. Some MPPT operations may require prior knowledgeof operational parameters of a fluid turbine, and some MPPT operationsmay require no prior knowledge but may be based on an iterativeapproach, e.g., using feedback. In some embodiments, MPPT operations maybe performed absent fluid speed data from an anemometer, or using fluidspeed data form an anemometer.

Coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster of geographically-associatedfluid turbines may include adjusting one or more loads imposed on one ormore fluid turbines included in the cluster of geographically-associatedfluid turbines to cause an aggregated power produced by the cluster toreach a target level. In some instances, a target level for aggregatepower output may correspond to a maximum or near-maximum level for agiven fluid speed. In some embodiments, coordinating MPPT operations fora cluster of fluid turbines may include overriding one or more MPPToperations for an individual fluid turbine in the cluster, e.g., for alimited time duration. For example, causing one or more fluid turbinesin a cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines to operate at asub-optimal level may improve an aggregate power output of the clusteras a whole. In some embodiments, MPPT operations may be coordinated fora cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbine in the absence of afluid speed measurement by an anemometer.

Some embodiments involve at least one processor (e.g., configured toperform operations for coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster offluid turbines).

At least one processor may include a single processor or multipleprocessors communicatively linked to each other and capable ofperforming computations in a cooperative manner, as described elsewherein this disclosure. For example, at least one processor may include oneor more processor for controlling operations of a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines to operate collectively as asingle fluid energy conversion system.

Some embodiments involve receiving data from the cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. Data from a cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may include informationdetected by one or more sensors associated with one or more individualfluid turbines in a cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines,and/or one or more sensors associated with a cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines (e.g., taken as an integralfluid energy conversion system). The data may be associated with one ormore of a fluid speed, a rotational speed (e.g., a blade RPM, a shaftRPM, and/or a rotor RPM), a power output (e.g., including one or more ofa voltage level, a current level, a signal amplitude, a signalfrequency, a phase shift), a load (e.g., a resistance and/or animpedance), a vibration, a temperature, a braking signal, and/or anyother information detected by one or more sensors associated with acluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines. The data mayinclude information associated with each fluid turbine in the cluster,and/or information aggregated for the entire cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines (e.g., including one or morestatistics such as an average, a mode, a standard deviation, a maximum,a minimum, and/or any other statistical measure of data associated witha cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines). The data mayinclude information associated with different types of sensors (e.g., afluid speed, a rotational speed, and a braking signal), or associatedwith a single type of sensor (e.g., temperature). The data may beassociated with an instant in time, and/or with a time duration (e.g.,at least 10 second, or at least 30 seconds). For example, the data mayinclude a rotational speed determined for each fluid turbine in thecluster based on a rotor RPM and a blade-tip RPM over a 30 second timeperiod, and/or an average rotational speed, a maximum rotational speed,and minimum rotational speed determined for the cluster based on a rotorRPM and a blade-tip RPM over the 30 second time period.

Receiving data from a cluster of geographically-associated fluidturbines may include receiving (e.g., by at least one processor) one ormore electronic notifications from one or more sensors associated withone or more individual fluid turbines in a cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines, and/or one or more sensorsassociated with the entire cluster. Receiving data may involveperiodically polling one or more sensors (e.g., a voltage sensor, acurrent sensor, a braking sensor, a temperature sensor, a fluid speedsensor, a rotational speed sensor, a vibration sensor, and/or any othertype of sensor associated with a cluster of geographically-associatedfluid turbines) for information, and/or receiving an electronicnotification from one or more sensors, e.g., as a synchronized eventand/or an unsynchronized (e.g., interrupt) event. The at least oneprocessor may receive data from one or more sensors via a wired and/orwireless communications link either locally or remotely, and may storethe received information in memory (e.g., for immediate and/orsubsequent access).

In some embodiments, the data received from the cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may include power dataassociated with one or more individual turbines in the cluster (e.g.,each individual fluid turbine in the cluster), and/or power dataassociated with an aggregate power for the entire cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines, operating as an integral fluidenergy conversion system. Power (e.g., electric power) may be measuredin watts (e.g., Kilowatts, or Megawatts) and may refer to a rate ofelectrical energy transferred by an electric circuit. Power may becalculated from a known voltage and/or current level (e.g., watts=voltsx amps). Electric power may be generated by an electric generator (e.g.,connected to a fluid turbine). As used herein, the phrase “powergenerated by a fluid turbine” or “power output from a fluid turbine” mayrefer to power generated by a generator associated with the fluidturbine. Power data may include information relating to a level of poweroutputted by a fluid turbine and/or a circuit connected thereto. Powerdata may include one or more of a measurement of a voltage signal, acurrent signal, a signal amplitude, a signal frequency, a resistancelevel, an impedance level, and/or any other measurement allowing tocompute electric power.

Power data from a cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbinesmay include information associated with a power output of one or moreindividual fluid turbines in the cluster, and/or a net (e.g., total)amount of power produced by aggregating power generated by each fluidturbine in the cluster. The power data may include one or more of avoltage, current, signal amplitude, signal frequency, resistance and/orimpedance for one or more individual fluid turbines in the cluster,and/or an aggregate voltage, an aggregate current, an aggregate DCsignal, an aggregate AC signal, an aggregate signal amplitude, anaggregate signal frequency, and/or a total resistance and/or impedanceassociated with the cluster of fluid turbines (e.g., operating as anintegral fluid energy conversion system). For example, power data may beused to determine how much power a particular fluid turbine and/or acluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines may be producingunder current fluid speed conditions. Receiving power data from acluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines may includereceiving data from a voltmeter and/or a current meter. In someembodiments, power data associated with a cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may include one or more DCpower signals outputted by individual fluid turbines in the cluster,and/or an aggregate DC power output for the entire cluster (e.g. forcharging a battery bank). In some embodiments, an inverter may convertan aggregate DC power output produced by a cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines to a total power AC output(e.g., for outputting to an electrical grid), and power data associatedwith a cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines may includethe total (aggregate) power AC output.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 3 , at least one processor 308may receive data from cluster 300 of geographically-associated fluidturbines 100A-1000. By way of another non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 ,at least one processor (e.g., at least one processor 428 and/orprocessor 512) may receive data from fluid turbines 404A and 404B via atleast one sensor 418A and 418B, respectively. For example, the at leastone processor may receive power data from power output sensor 510.

By way of another non-limiting example, in FIG. 13 , generator 406 maychannel AC power output 408 to braking circuit 1300 (e.g., associatedwith charge controller 410) Rectifier 530 may convert AC power output408 to a DC power signal. First voltage sensor 1310 may measure theconverted DC power signal and may transmit a measurement of converted DCpower signal to at least one processor 512, indicating AC power output408.

Some embodiments involve determining changes to total power output ofthe cluster based on changes in loading states of individual fluidturbines in the cluster. A loading state of a fluid turbine may refer toone or more parameters characterizing a particular load (e.g., anelectrical load) consuming or diverting power generated by a fluidturbine, causing rotation of the fluid turbine to slow down. In someembodiments, a loading state of a fluid turbine may additionally includeone or more operational parameters of a fluid turbine subject to theparticular load. A loading state of a fluid turbine may be characterizedby an I-V curve (e.g., current versus voltage), resistance (e.g., for aresistive load) and/or inductance (e.g., for an indictive load), anamount of power consumed or diverted, and/or a timing and/or duration ofpower consumed. In some embodiments, a loading state of a fluid turbinemay be associated with a rotational speed, a power output, atemperature, and/or a vibration level associated with a fluid turbinesubject to the load. A loading state of a fluid turbine operating undera particular fluid speed may be associated with a particular rotationalspeed and power output. At least one loading state for a fluid turbinemay correspond to a target rotational speed configured to produce a peak(or near peak) power output (e.g., according to an MPPT protocol).

Changes in a loading state of an individual fluid turbine may includeone or more adjustments or modifications made to a load (e.g., a changedlevel of power consumed, changed timing, changed duration, changedimpedance level) imposed on an individual fluid turbine and/or one ormore corresponding changes in one or more operational parameters of theindividual fluid turbine (e.g., a changed rotational speed or direction,power output, temperature, and/or vibration) in response to the changesmade to the load. In some instances, at least one processor may subjecta fluid turbine to a series of load changes (e.g. a series of changes inloading states of an individual fluid turbine) causing a correspondingseries of changes in operational parameters. In some embodiments, the atleast one processor may change a load on a fluid turbine to identify aloading state corresponding to a peak (or near peak) power output forthe fluid turbine operating under a particular fluid speed (e.g.,according to an MPPT protocol).

Changes in loading states of individual fluid turbines in a cluster mayinclude subjecting at least some of the fluid turbines in a cluster to achanges in a load imposed thereon causing a corresponding changes in theoperation of the at least some fluid turbines. For instance, the atleast one processor may generate a plurality of signals (e.g., loadsignals), each signal characterized by a change in an amount of powerfor diverting from a fluid turbine (e.g., thereby subjecting the fluidturbine to a load). The at least one processor may transmit the signalsto at least some of the fluid turbines in the cluster to implementchanges in the loading states. In some embodiments, the at least oneprocessor may subject the same changes in loading states (e.g., the samesignals) to at least some of the fluid turbines in the cluster. In someembodiments, the at least one processor may subject different changes inloading states (e.g., different signals) to at least some of the fluidturbines in the cluster. The different changes in loading states (e.g.,imposed on different individual fluid turbines in the cluster) may beassociated with the same signal characteristics (e.g., different changesin frequency for different fluid turbines) or different signalcharacteristics (e.g., changes in frequency for some fluid turbines andchanges in phase for other fluid turbines). In some embodiments, the atleast one processor may subject all of the fluid turbines in a clusterto changes in loading states (e.g., the same or different changes). Insome embodiments, changes in loading states of individual fluid turbinesin a cluster may be indicated in data received from the cluster (e.g.,power data).

In some instances, the at least one processor may generate multipleseries of changes to loading states for differing individual fluidturbines in a cluster based on the response characteristics of differentfluid turbines. For example, the at least one processor may subjectdifferent fluid turbines to different loads to cause the different fluidturbines to rotate at substantially the same rotational speed and/ordirection, or alternatively to cause at least some of the fluid turbinesto rotate at differing rotational speeds and/or directions. As anotherexample, the at least one processor may subject different fluid turbinesto different loads to cause the different fluid turbines to producesubstantially the same power output (e.g., substantially the same phaseand/or frequency), or alternatively to cause at least some of the fluidturbines to produce different power outputs (e.g., different phaseand/or frequency).

Total power output of a cluster (e.g., of geographically associatedfluid turbines may include an aggregate AC power signal and/or anaggregate DC power signal produced by combining power produced by eachfluid turbine in the cluster. In some embodiments, to avoid loss due toaggregating interfering (e.g., incompatible) AC signals outputted by aplurality of fluid turbines in a cluster of geographically-associatedfluid turbines, each AC signal produced by each fluid turbine in thecluster may be converted to a DC signal (e.g., via a dedicatedrectifier). The plurality of DC signals may be aggregated, e.g., toprevent interference that may result in loss.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 3 , at least one processor 308may determine changes to total power output 314 of cluster 300 based onchanges in loading states of individual fluid turbines 100A-100C incluster 300.

By way of another non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 428 and/or processor 512) maychange one or more loading states on individual fluid turbines 404A and404B, for example by sending signals to charge controllers 410A and 410Bto impose new loading states on fluid turbines 404A and 404B. Thechanges in the loading states may cause corresponding changes inrotational speed for each of fluid turbines 404A and 404B. The at leastone processor may receive data from rotation sensors 502 associated witheach of fluid turbines 404A and 404B and may calculate power outputtedby each of fluid turbines 404A and 404B based on the measured rotationalspeeds, for example, using one or more versions of chart 1200 (e.g., seeFIG. 12 ). The at least one processor may calculate the total electricpower output 440 produced by cluster 401 of fluid turbines 404A and 404Bbased on the calculated power output for each of fluid turbines 404A and404B.

By way of a further non-limiting example, in FIG. 13 , at least oneprocessors 512 (e.g., dedicated to one of individual fluid turbines 404)may determine a power output of individual fluid turbine 404 based onchanges in loading states imposed via electronic brake control 518and/or based on signals received from first voltage sensor 1310. Atleast one processor 512 may communicate the changes in loading statesfor individual fluid turbine 404 to at least one processor 428associated with cluster 401 of geographically-associated fluid turbines404, thereby allowing at least one processor 428 to receive change inloading states for each individual fluid turbine 404 in cluster 401. Atleast one processor 428 may determine changes to total electric poweroutput 440 of cluster 401 based on the received loading states for eachindividual fluid turbine 404 in cluster 401.

In some embodiments, determining changes to total power output of thecluster based on changes in loading states of individual fluid turbinesin the cluster includes calculating or measuring changes to total poweroutput. Calculating may include performing one or more arithmetic and/orlogical computations. Measuring changes may include sensing a totalpower output periodically (e.g., by a voltage and/or current sensor).The at least one processor may receive (e.g., from a voltage and/orcurrent sensor) a first total power output for a first time instance anda second total power output for a second time instance, and maycalculate the difference between the first total power output and thesecond total power output. In some instances, the at least one processormay measure changes to total power output for a cluster of fluidturbines in response to subjecting individual turbines in the cluster tovarying loading states.

By way of another non-limiting example, in FIGS. 4 and 5 , based on thechanges in the loading states, the at least one processor (e.g., atleast one processor 428 and/or 512) may determine changes to total poweroutputted by fluid turbines 404A and 404B by receiving power output datameasured by each power output sensor 510 configured with each of atleast one sensor 418A and 418B associated with fluid turbines 404A and404B, respectively.

In some embodiments, at least some of the turbines in the cluster arefluid-dynamically coupled. Fluid-dynamically coupled fluid turbines mayrefer to a situation where the output of one fluid turbine (e.g., anupstream fluid turbine) may impact operation of another fluid turbine(e.g., a downstream fluid turbine), where an upstream fluid turbine mayencounter a fluid flow prior to a downstream fluid turbine. For example,turbulence or fluid flow generated by one fluid turbine may affect oneor more of a rotational speed, a rotational direction, a power output, avibration and/or any other operational aspect of another fluid turbine.In some instances, the fluid-dynamical coupling of two or more fluidturbines may positively or negatively affect a power output of one ofthe coupled fluid turbines. Thus, subjecting individual turbines toloading states associated with a peak power output (e.g., if operatingindependently, absent fluid-dynamic coupling) may instead produce ahigher/lower total power output for the entire cluster due to apositive/negative affect attributed to fluid coupling between two ormore of the fluid turbines in the cluster. In some embodiments,determining changes to total power output of the cluster may includecalculating, measuring, appraising, or ascertaining changes (e.g.,positive or negative changes) attributable to fluid coupling of two ormore fluid turbines in the cluster.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 3 , one or more of fluidturbines 100A-100C of cluster 300 may be fluid-dynamically coupled. Forexample, a draft produced by fluid turbine 100A may flow towards fluidturbine 100B and may affect the rotational spin of fluid turbine 100B.Similarly, a draft produced by fluid turbine 100B may flow towards fluidturbine 100C and may affect the rotational spin of fluid turbine 100C.

Some embodiments involve selecting a combination of loading states forthe individual fluid turbines in the cluster to coordinate total poweroutput for the cluster. A combination may refer to more than one. Forexample, a combination may include a selection of more than one elementfrom a set of distinct member elements, for example, a subset offrequencies from a set of possible frequencies. A combination of loadingstates for the individual fluid turbines may include a same or similarcombination of loading states for each turbine in a fluid turbinecluster, different loading states for at least some fluid turbines inthe cluster, or differing loading states for each fluid turbine in thecluster. For example, at least some fluid turbines may receive the sameload signal (e.g., the same level of diverted power, the same timing andthe same duration) such that the at least some fluid turbines may havesubstantially similar loading states. Alternatively at least some fluidturbines may receive differing load signals (e.g., differing in one ormore of a level of diverted power, timing and/or duration) such thatsome fluid turbines may have different loading states. In someembodiments, due to different operating parameters, two or more fluidturbines may be subjected to similar conditions and may be in differentloading states. Selecting a combination of loading states for theindividual fluid turbines may include choosing a particular combinationof loading states from a plurality of candidate combinations. Theselection may be based on efficiency, compliance with one or morestandards or regulations (e.g., associated with the fluid turbinesand/or a power sink), maximizing power output, minimizing wear, safety,and/or any other interest for coordinating operations of a cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines.

Coordinating total power output fora cluster (e.g., of fluid turbines)may include synchronizing, tuning, and/or adjusting a total power outputfor an entire cluster of fluid turbines, for example to achieve a peak(or near-peak) total power output, an optimal (or near-optimal) totalpower output, an increase in total power output (e.g., relative to atotal power output associated with loading states other than theselected combination), to achieve compliance with one or morespecifications, regulations, and/or recommendations (e.g., associatedwith a battery bank, an electrical grid, a testing protocol, amaintenance protocol, and/or an MPPT protocol), and/or to achieve anyother interest associated with a cluster of fluid turbines. In someembodiments, selecting a combination of loading states for theindividual turbines may involve overriding one or more loading statesassociated with implementing an MPPT protocol on a solitary fluidturbine. For example, a loading state configured to produce a peak poweroutput for a non-fluid-dynamically coupled fluid turbine (e.g., based onan MPPT protocol applied to a single fluid turbine, in isolation of theother fluid turbines in the cluster) may result in a sub-peak totalpower output for the cluster as a whole, due to fluid-dynamical couplingbetween some of the fluid turbines. Thus, in some embodiments, the atleast one processor may select loading states for individual fluidturbines in the cluster that account for fluid-dynamical coupling of atleast some of the fluid turbines, and that may override one or moreloading states associated with an MPPT protocol applied to one or morefluid turbines in isolation.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 3 , at least one processor 308may select the combination of loading states for individual fluidturbines 100A-1000. The selected combination of loading states maycoordinate total power outputted by cluster 300. By way of anothernon-limiting example, in FIGS. 4, 5, and 13 , at least one processor 512(e.g., dedicated to one of individual fluid turbines 404) may sendloading state data for the individual fluid turbine 404 to at least oneprocessor 428. The loading state data may coordinate power output forthe individual fluid turbine 404 (e.g., operating without considerationof the other fluid turbines 404 in cluster 401). In some embodiments, atleast one processor 428 may select the combination of loading states forindividual fluid turbines 404 based on loading state data received fromeach at least one processor 512 associated with each fluid turbine 404in cluster 401. The selected combination of loading states maycoordinate total electric power output 440 produced by cluster 401.

In some embodiments, selecting the combination of loading states for theindividual fluid turbines in the cluster accounts for variations influid conditions affecting the cluster. Variations in fluid conditionsmay include changes in fluid speed, fluid flow direction, turbulence,and/or mobile (e.g., airborne) objects in a fluid flow. Variations influid conditions affecting a cluster may include a fluid speed droppingbelow an operating threshold for the fluid turbine in the cluster, afluid speed exceeding a safety threshold for the fluid turbines in thecluster, a change in fluid speed causing one or more fluid turbines tocease or to begin producing a peak (or near peak) power output, a changein fluid flow causing, ceasing, increasing, or decreasing offluid-dynamical coupling between two or more fluid turbines, and/or anyother effect of a change in fluid flow on a cluster of fluid turbines.In some embodiments, the variations in fluid conditions are associatedwith variations in power outputted by differing ones of the fluidturbines in the cluster. Variations in power output may include anincrease or a decrease in power output, beginning or ceasing to producea peak (or near peak) power output, beginning or ceasing to produce athreshold power output for an electrical grid, beginning or ceasing toproduce a threshold power output associated with a safety regulation,and/or any other type of variation in power output. Variations in poweroutputted by differing ones of the fluid turbines may refer to differentpower levels outputted by at least some fluid turbines in a cluster inresponse to varying fluid conditions. For example, when a fluid flowchanges, the most upstream fluid turbine in a cluster may increase apower output by 5% but the most downstream fluid turbine in the clustermay decrease a power output by 2%. For instance, each individual fluidturbine in the cluster may be associated with a different graph (e.g.,versions of chart 1200 of FIG. 12 ) mapping power outputs for differentrotational speeds under different fluid conditions. The graph mayinclude a mapping (e.g., a curved line) for each fluid conditionindicating a different power output responses versus rotational speed.For example, under a first fluid speed, a fluid turbine may produce apeak (or near-peak) power output while spinning at a first rotationalspeed. However, under a second fluid speed, the fluid turbine mayproduce a sub-peak power output while operating at the first rotationalspeed. As fluid conditions vary, the at least one processor may monitorpower outputs of the fluid turbines. Based on the power outputs, the atleast one processor may change loading states for at least some of thefluid turbines, causing corresponding changes in rotational speeds toaccommodate the varied fluid conditions. For example, the at least oneprocessor may change loading states to track a peak (or near peak) poweroutput for an individual fluid turbine.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may select the combination of loading states for individual fluidturbines 404A-404B to account for variations in fluid conditions (e.g.,of fluid flow 210) affecting cluster 401. For example, at least oneprocessor 428 may detect an increased fluid flow speed. The increase influid flow speed may cause fluid turbines 404A-404B to operate outsideof the peak (or near-peak) power outputs (e.g., in FIG. 12 , as fluidspeed varies between v_(w1) to v_(w6), the rotational speed needed toproduce peak power outputs 1204 to 1214 varies as well). At least oneprocessor 428 may select a combination of loads for individual fluidturbines 404A-404B to change each rotational speed to cause each offluid turbines 404A-404B to produce a peak (or near-peak) power output.In some embodiments, the variations in fluid conditions may beassociated with variations in power outputted by differing ones of fluidturbines 404A-404B. For example, a reduction in fluid speed of 5% mayreduce the power output of fluid turbine 404A by 4% but may reduce thepower output of fluid turbines 404B by only 2%. The at least oneprocessor may adjust the loading states to cause each of fluid turbines404A-404B to produce a peak (or near peak) power output for the newfluid speed condition.

In some embodiments, the selected combinations of loading states areconfigured to cause some fluid turbines in the cluster to operatedifferently from other fluid turbines in the cluster. A fluid turbineoperating differently from another fluid turbines may refer todifferences in rotational speed, braking forces, other resistances,power output, blade orientations, and/or any of the other examplesprovided herein. The turbines in a cluster may be loaded differently(e.g., alterable characteristics changed) so that not all of theturbines in a cluster operate in the same manner. For example, a similarchange to loading states of different turbines may cause differentrotational speeds, different rotational directions, generation ofdifferent output power (e.g., a different frequency, phase, amplitude),operation under different impedances and/or resistances, differenttemperatures, and/or different modes of vibration for different fluidturbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may select combinations of loading states to cause fluid turbine 404A tooperate differently than fluid turbine 404B. For example, thecombinations of loading states may cause fluid turbine 404B to spin at adiffering rotational speed and/or direction than fluid turbine 404A(e.g., due to fluid turbine 404B being downstream of fluid turbine404A).

In some embodiments, the differences in operation vary based on changingfluid conditions. Changing fluid conditions may refer to one or more ofa changed direction, changed speed, and/or changed turbulence of a fluidflow. Physical characteristics of a fluid turbine may additionallyaffect a response of a fluid turbine to a change in fluid conditions.For example, under a first fluid condition, the selected combinations ofloading states may cause a first set of differences between a firstgroup of fluid turbines and a second group of fluid turbines, whereasunder a second fluid condition, the same selected combinations ofloading states may cause a second set of differences between the firstgroup of fluid turbines and the second group of fluid turbines. Forexample, under the first fluid conditions, the selected combination ofloading states may cause the first group to spin faster than the secondgroup, and under the second fluid conditions, the same selectedcombination of loading states may cause the first group to spin slowerthan the second group.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , the differences inoperation of fluid turbines 404A-404B may vary based on changingconditions of fluid flow (e.g., fluid flow 210). For example, uponsensing a change in direction of fluid flow (e.g., via fluid speedsensor 504 of FIG. 5 ), at least one processor 428 may determine thatfluid turbines 404A may now be downstream of fluid turbine 404B. Due tothe changing conditions of the fluid flow, at least one processor 428may cause fluid turbine 404B to spin at a differing rotational speedthan fluid turbine 404A.

In some embodiments, the selected combinations of loading states varyover time for differing combinations of fluid turbines in the cluster.Vary over time may refer to a change, or an alteration over a timeperiod. Different combinations of fluid turbines may refer to differingsubsets of fluid turbines included in the cluster. Over time, conditionsunder which a cluster of fluid turbine operates may change. For example,fluid conditions may change, a demand for power may change (e.g., a peakdemand of an electrical grid may change to a lull in demand), or abattery bank may require filling/emptying. The changed conditions mayaffect some fluid turbines differently than others. Under firstoperating conditions, the at least one processor may select a firstcombination of loading states for a first group of turbines. Over time,when conditions change to a second condition, the at least one processormay select a second combination of loading states for a second group offluid turbines. For example, in the morning hours, an easterly wind mayaffect a cluster of wind turbines and the at least one processor mayselect loading states for east-facing turbines in the cluster. In theafternoon, the wind may change to a westerly wind, and the at least oneprocessor may select different loading states for west-facing turbinesin the cluster.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 3 , at least one processor 308may vary the selected combinations of loading states over time fordiffering combinations of fluid turbines 100B-100C in cluster 300. Forexample, during a first time period, at least one processor 308 mayselect a first loading state for fluid turbine 100A and a second loadingstate to each of fluid turbines 100B-100C. During a second time period(e.g., after sensing a changing condition in fluid flow 210), at leastone processor 308 may select a third loading state to each of fluidturbines 100A and 100B, and a fourth loading state to fluid turbine100C.

In some embodiments, the differing operations in the cluster include atleast one of a rotational speed (RPM), a voltage output, a currentoutput, a direction of rotation, a blade orientation to a fluid flow, ora relative blade orientation between at least two turbines in thecluster. A rotational speed may refer to a rotational velocity,acceleration, or pace of a blade tip, a shaft, a mounting plateconnecting a plurality of blades to a rotor, a rotor, and/or any otherrotatable component associated with a fluid turbine. A voltage outputmay refer to a potential difference associated with a power output of afluid turbine. A current output may refer to net rate of flow ofelectric associated with a power output of a fluid turbine. A directionof rotation may refer to a clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation of aplurality of blades of a fluid turbine. A blade orientation to a fluidflow may refer to an incident angle between a fluid flow and a blade(e.g., a blade pitch and/or blade yaw). A relative blade orientationbetween at least two turbines in the cluster may refer to at least twofluid turbines having a different pitch and/or yaw relative to a common(e.g., vertical) axis. For example, the at least one processor mayselect a combination of loading states causing some fluid turbines tooutput power at a different voltage that other fluid turbines, and spinat different pitch and/or yaw angles than other fluid turbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 3 , the differing operationsin cluster 300 may include at least one of an RPM for any of fluidturbines 100A-100C, a blade orientation of any of fluid turbines100A-1000 to fluid flow 210, and/or a relative blade orientation betweenfluid turbines 100A and 100B in cluster 300. By way of anothernon-limiting example, in FIGS. 4-5 , at least one processor 428 (e.g.,corresponding to at least one processor 308) may communicate with atleast one processor 512 of individual fluid turbine 404A and/orindividual fluid turbine 404B to adjust a blade yaw via blade yawcontrol 526, and/or to adjust a blade pitch via blade pitch control 528.Additionally or alternatively, the differing operations in fluidturbines 404A and 404B may include a voltage output and/or currentoutput (e.g., detected by power output sensors 510 of at least onesensor 418A and 418B, respectively).

In some embodiments, selecting the combination of loading states for theindividual fluid turbines in the cluster accounts for a spatialdistribution of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster. A spatialdistribution may refer to one or more of a relative distance, a relativeorientation, and/or a relative elevation between individual fluidturbines, and/or location of a fluid turbine relative to one or morephysical objects (e.g., buildings, trees, objects, mountains, valleys,bridges) that may affect the operation of one or more fluid turbines inthe cluster. A spatial distribution may affect a fluid-dynamicalcoupling between two or more fluid turbines (e.g., causing one fluidturbine to be downstream of another fluid turbine). In some instances,the at least one processor may store a spatial distribution of theindividual fluid turbines in memory and may use the spatial distributionto determine fluid-dynamical coupling between differing fluid turbines(e.g., based on current fluid conditions). The at least one processormay select a combination of loading states for individual fluid turbinesto account for any fluid-dynamical coupling based on the spatialdistribution. In some instances, the at least one processor maydetermine a spatial distribution of the individual fluid turbines in thecluster based on image data received from one or more images sensorsassociated with the fluid turbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 3 , the combination of loadingstates selected by at least one processor 308 for individual fluidturbines 100A-100C in cluster 300 may account for a spatial distributionof each of fluid turbines 100A-1000 in cluster 300. For example, the atleast one processor may select different loading states for fluidturbines 100A and 100C (e.g., positioned at the ends of cluster 300)than the loading state selected for fluid turbine 100B (e.g., sandwichedbetween fluid turbines 100A and 100C). For instance, at least oneprocessor 308 may cause fluid turbines 100A and 100C to spin at adiffering rotational speed than fluid turbine 100B.

Some embodiments involve transmitting the selected combination ofloading states to at least some of the individual fluid turbines in thecluster in order to vary rotational speeds of the at least some of theindividual fluid turbines in the cluster. Transmitting may includesending, e.g., a signal via a wired or wireless channel. Transmittingthe selected combination of loading states to at least some of theindividual fluid turbines in the cluster may include generating signalsconfigured to impose the selected combination of loading states on atleast some individual fluid turbines (e.g., where the generated signalsmay account for physical characteristics of each individual fluidturbine), and sending the signals to the individual fluid turbines(e.g., or to an electric generator connected thereto), thereby imposingthe loading states on the individual fluid turbines. Varying may includechanging or modifying. Varying rotational speeds for some individualfluid turbines may include slowing one or more rotational speeds (e.g.,by increasing a load), accelerating one or more rotational speeds (e.g.,by decreasing a load), and/or changing a direction of rotation for someindividual fluid turbines. In some instances, varying the rotationalspeeds for at least some fluid turbines may cause each of the fluidturbines to produce a target power output. A target power output may beassociated with a peak (or near-peak) power output, and/or withcompliance with one or more specifications and/or recommendations (e.g.,associated with maintenance, safety, testing, compatibility, and/or anyother interest associated with a fluid turbine). Similarly, a totaltarget power output may be associated with a peak (or near-peak) totalpower output, and/or with compliance with one or more specificationsand/or recommendations (e.g., associated with maintenance, safety,testing, compatibility, and/or any other interest associated with acluster of fluid turbines). In some instances, varying the rotationalspeeds for some fluid turbines may cause at least one fluid turbine toproduce non-target power outputs (e.g., divergent from a target poweroutput). In some instances, a target total power output for a cluster offluid turbines may include at least one non-target power output from atleast one of the fluid turbines. For example, the at least onenon-target power output, when combined with power outputs from otherfluid turbines in the cluster, may produce the target total power outputfor the cluster, e.g., due to fluid-dynamical coupling.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 3 , at least one processor 308may transmit the selected combinations of loading states to at leastfluid turbines 100A and 100B of cluster 300, in order to vary rotationalspeeds of at least fluid turbines 100A and 100B. By way of anothernon-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , the at least one processor (e.g., atleast one processor 428 and/or processor 512) may transmit the selectedcombination of loading states to fluid turbines 404A and 404B via chargecontrollers 410A and 410B, respectively. Charge controllers 410A and410B may impose the selected combinations of loading states on fluidturbines 404A and 404B by diverting some power outputted by generators406A and 406B to a dump load.

By way of another non-limiting example, in FIG. 10 taken together withFIGS. 4 and 13 , a version of braking circuit 1300 may be associatedwith each charge controller 410 allowing for individual coordination offluid turbines 404 (e.g., in isolation). For example, MPPT control 1002of each braking circuit 1300 may be associated with at least oneprocessor 512 and at least one memory 514 of charge controller 410dedicated to an individual fluid turbine 404. Each at least oneprocessor 512 may communicate with at least one processor 428 viainterconnecting circuitry 414 allowing at least one processor 428 tocoordinate cluster 401 of fluid turbines 404 operating together asintegral fluid energy conversion system 400. At least one processor 428may transmit the selected combinations of loading states to at leastsome of charge controllers 410, allowing at least some of processors 512(e.g., and some of MPPT controls 1002) to vary rotational speeds of atleast some of fluid turbines 404 in cluster 401.

In some embodiments, the combination of loading states for theindividual fluid turbines in the cluster are selected based on applyingan MPPT protocol to each individual fluid turbine to determine anassociated individual loading state for each individual fluid turbineand subjecting at least one of the individual loading states for anindividual fluid turbine to at least one global constraint for thecluster. An MPPT protocol may involve transmitting signals to adjust arotational speed of a fluid turbine, as described elsewhere in thisdisclosure. Applying an MPPT protocol to each individual fluid turbinein a cluster may involve at least one processor communicating with oneor more MPPT units to generate signals configured to impose loadingstates on each individual fluid turbine in conformance with an MPPTprotocol, and transmitting the signals to the MPPT units. In someembodiments, each fluid turbine may be associated with a dedicated MPPTunit. In some embodiments, multiple fluid turbines may be associatedwith the same (e.g., common) MPPT unit. Determining an associatedindividual loading state for each individual fluid turbine (e.g., basedon applying an MPPT protocol to each individual fluid turbine) mayinvolve determining a signal for each individual fluid turbineconfigured to impose a loading state associated with producing a peak(or near-peak) power output. Since one or more individual fluid turbinesmay have different physical characteristics (e.g., size, shape, type,relative orientation and/or position to other objects, and/or wear),different load states (e.g., produced by different signals) may berequired to produce a peak (or near-peak) power output for eachindividual fluid turbine. The at least one processor may associate anindividual loading state with each individual fluid turbine in thecluster (e.g., to account for differing physical characteristics).

A constraint may refer to a restriction, a limitation (e.g., an upperbound and/or a lower bound). A constraint may be imposed on a system toachieve a target outcome, e.g., associated with efficiency, safety,reliability, and/or durability. A global constraint for a cluster offluid turbines may refer to a constraint imposed on each fluid turbinein the cluster and/or on over the entire cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines operating as an integral fluidenergy conversion system (e.g., imposing a constraint globally on thecluster may allow, in some embodiments, violating the constraint locallyon an individual fluid turbine). A global constraint for a cluster offluid turbines may be associated with one or more of a load, a poweroutput, a rotational speed, a vibration, a temperature, an impedance, aresistance, compliance with one or more regulations or recommendations,compliance and/or compatibility with an electrical grid, compatibility(e.g., voltage compatibility) with a battery bank, a timing, duration,maximum, minimum, average, mode, and/or standard deviation associatedwith any of the above, and/or with any other interest associated with acluster of fluid turbines. Subjecting at least one individual loadingstate for an individual fluid turbine to at least one global constraintfor the cluster may involve modifying an individual loading state for anindividual fluid turbine (e.g., conforming with an MPPT protocol appliedto the individual fluid turbine) to cause compliance of the cluster offluid turbines with the global constraint. In some embodiments,subjecting at least one individual loading state for an individual fluidturbine to a global constraint for the cluster may cause the individualfluid turbine to cease producing a peak (or near peak) power outputaccording to an MPPT protocol for the individual fluid turbine. Forexample, according to the MPPT protocol, the loading state for anindividual fluid turbine may be associated with a first rotationalspeed. Subjecting the loading state to the global constraint may causethe individual fluid turbine to rotate at a second rotational speed(e.g., faster or slower than the first rotational speed). For instance,the global constraint may account for fluid-dynamical coupling betweenat least some individual fluid turbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 10 and 11 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 428 and/or 512) may select thecombination of loading states for individual fluid turbines 404 byapplying an MPPT protocol to each individual fluid turbine 404 (e.g., inisolation), to determine an associated individual loading state for eachof fluid turbines 404. For example, the at least one processor maytransmit signals to MPPT controls 1002 included in each of chargecontrollers 410 to subject each of fluid turbines 404 to a loading stateconforming with an MPPT protocol (e.g., configured for a single fluidturbine). As another example, the at least one processor may transmit asignal to an MPPT unit configured with inverter 434 to control a loadfor subjecting on fluid turbines 404. In some embodiments, the at leastone processor may apply the MPPT protocol to each of fluid turbines 404by using one or more versions of chart 1200 (e.g., see FIG. 12 ) storedin memory (e.g., memory 430 of FIG. 4 ). The at least one processor maysubject at least one of fluid turbines 404 to at least one globalconstraint for the cluster including all of fluid turbines 404. Forexample, the constraint may cap a total (e.g. aggregate) power outputproduced by all of fluid turbines 404 to conform with a specificationfor electrical energy sink 402 (e.g., by capping an aggregate DC poweroutput 724 for delivery to battery bank 720 and/or by capping aggregateAC power output 722 for deliver to electrical grid 718). For example, DCpower output 724 may be capped to 14V, or 40V, or any other voltagelevel compatible with a battery.

By way of another non-limiting example, in FIG. 13 , each of at leastone processors 512 (e.g., dedicated to an individual fluid turbine 404)may apply an MPPT protocol the individual fluid turbine 404 of cluster401 via electronic brake control 518 to determine an associated loadingstate for the individual fluid turbine 404. Each of at least oneprocessors 512 may transmit information indicative of the associatedloading state to at least one processor 428 (e.g., associated withcluster 401 of fluid turbines 404). At least one processor 428 maysubject at least one of the associated loading states for an individualfluid turbine 404 of cluster to a global constraint (e.g., a maximum orminimum power output, or a maximum or minimum rotational speed). Atleast one processor 428 may select the combination of loading states forindividual fluid turbines 404 in cluster based on the associatedindividual loading states for each individual fluid turbine 404 (e.g.,received from each of processors 512) and the application of the atleast one global constraint.

In some embodiments, applying the MPPT protocol to each individualturbine includes, while each individual turbine is in operation in firstfluid conditions, initially testing a generator electrical output of theindividual turbine based on a sequence of differing loads. A fluidcondition may include a speed, a direction, and/or a turbulence of afluid flow. While each individual turbine is in operation in first fluidconditions may refer to a time period during which each individual fluidturbine in a cluster operates under a substantially uniform fluid flow(e.g., a substantially uniform fluid speed and/or direction), such thatchanges in operating parameters associated with each individual fluidturbine may not be attributable to changes in fluid flow conditions. Agenerator electrical output may refer to electric power generated by agenerator connected to a fluid turbine by converting mechanicalrotational energy of the fluid turbine to electrical energy. Initiallytesting a generator electrical output may refer to measuring, receiving,assessing, checking, or probing the electrical power prior to performingor implementing other procedures or operations. A sequence of differingloads may refer to a series or succession of differing loads, e.g., asuccession of differing signals, each signal configured to impose adifferent load on an electric generator. Testing a generator electricaloutput based on a sequence of differing loads may involve assessing orevaluating each electrical output in response to one or more differingloads, for example to determine a correspondence between differing loadsand electrical outputs.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 10 and 11 , while eachindividual turbine 404 is operating in first fluid conditions (e.g., afirst wind speed), the at least one processor (e.g. processor 428 and/or512) may apply the MPPT protocol to each individual fluid turbine 404 bytesting each of AC power outputs 408 (e.g., generator electricaloutputs) of each of generators 406 based on a sequence of (e.g., atleast five or at least ten) differing loads. For example, the at leastone processor may impose the loads via each of MPPT controls 1002.

By way of another non-limiting example, in FIG. 13 , while each of fluidturbines 404 of cluster operates in first fluid conditions (e.g., 6m/s), each of at least one processors 512 (e.g., dedicated to one ofindividual fluid turbines 404) may initially test AC power output 408(e.g., a generator electrical output) of each fluid turbine 404 based ona sequence of ten different loads imposed on each of fluid turbines viaeach of electronic brake controls 518, thereby applying an MPPT protocolto each of fluid turbines 404.

In some embodiments, testing the generator of each individual turbinebased on the sequence of differing loads includes simulating thediffering loads on the generator and predicting a response of thegenerator. Simulating may refer to using a model (e.g., a mathematicalmodel) to implement an abstraction of a physical phenomenon, forexample, using at least one processor. Simulating different loads on agenerator may include using a mathematical and/or computerized model ofa generator (e.g., a power curve for a generator for example based on aprior physical testing of the same or similar generator) to assess aresponse of the generator to different loads. Predicting may refer toforecasting, extrapolating, interpolating, and/or otherwise gaging apotential outcome, e.g., based on a model or a simulation. Predicting aresponse of a generator (e.g., connected to a fluid turbine) todiffering loads may include inputting differing load values into a modelfor a generator and computing an output response value (e.g., asimulated power output) for each input load value. In some embodiments,the at least one processor may use the simulated power output values tobuild a power curve for each generator.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 10 and 11 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 428 and/or 512) may test each ofgenerators 406 of each individual fluid turbine 404 based a sequence ofdiffering loads by simulating the differing loads on each of generators406 and predicting a response. For example, the at least one processormay use a version of chart 1200 for each of fluid turbines 404 (e.g.,stored in memory 430) and may simulate a response of each generator 406to the sequence of differing loads based on the version of the graph.

By way of another non-limiting example, in FIGS. 4 and 13 , at least oneprocessor 428 may test each of generators 406 of each individual fluidturbine 404 by simulating the differing loads based on a model stored inmemory 430, and predicting a response of each generator 406.

In some embodiments, testing the generator of each individual turbinebased on the first sequence of differing loads includes applying thediffering loads on each generator and measuring a response of eachgenerator. Applying differing loads on each generator may includegenerating signals (e.g., physical signals) configured to imposediffering loads on a generator and transmitting the generated signals toeach generator. Measuring a response of each generator may includereceiving a signal (e.g., a physical signal) from at least one sensor(e.g., a voltage and/or current sensor) configured with each generator(e.g., subsequent to transmitting a signal configured to impose a load)and determining from the received signals a physical power output foreach generator. In some embodiments, the at least one processor maystore the power outputs for each generator in memory. In someembodiments, the at least one processor may use the power outputs tobuild a power curve for each generator.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 10 and 11 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 428 and/or 512) may testgenerators 406 of each individual fluid turbine 404 based on the firstsequence of differing loads by applying the differing loads on each ofgenerators 406 via each of MPPT controls 1002 and/or an MPPT controlconfigured with inverter 434. The at least one processor may measure aresponse of each of generators 406, e.g., by measuring each of AC poweroutputs 408.

By way of another non-limiting example, in FIG. 13 , each of at leastone processor 512 may apply the differing loads to each generator 406via electronic brake control 518 and may measure a response of eachgenerator 406 to the differing loads to thereby test each generator 406of each individual fluid turbine 404.

In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured toreceive, determine, select, and transmit on a continual basis. Acontinual basis may refer to a period of time that is ongoing orextended. Receiving, determining, selecting and transmitting may beperformed at regular intervals (e.g., continuously, every fraction of aminute, every minute, every 10 minutes, every half hour, or based on anyother time interval). In some instances, determining, selecting, andtransmitting may be performed in response to receiving notificationsfrom one or more sensors (e.g., in response to polling one or moresensors, and/or to receiving synchronized and/or unsynchronized messagesfrom one or more sensors). In some embodiments, the at least oneprocessor is configured to adjust for varying fluid conditions overtime. For example, determining, selecting, and transmitting may beperformed in response to receiving notifications from one or more of ananemometer, a weather server, a weather satellite, and/or a weatherballoon.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , the at least one processor(e.g., at least one processor 428 and/or processor 512) may perform thereceiving, determining, selecting, and transmitting on a continualbasis. For instance, during a first time period a fluid speed may reach6 m/s and at least one processor 428 may transmit a first combinationsof loading states to fluid turbines 404 (e.g., via charge controllers410). During a second time period, the fluid speed may change to 7 m/sand at least one processor may adjust one or more loading states andselect a second combination of loading states for transmitting to fluidturbines 404 via charge controllers 410.

In some embodiments, an upper-level MPPT protocol is applied at a DCstage through a charge controller. A charge controller may refer to anelectronic device configured to help ensure compliance of a fluidturbine with one or more regulations, specifications, and/orrecommendations, as described elsewhere in this disclosure. A DC stagemay refer to a portion of an electronic circuit configured for directcurrent flow. A DC stage of a circuit may be located downstream from arectifier configured to convert an AC signal (e.g., an AC power outputof an electric generator) to a DC signal. A DC stage of a circuit may beassociated with at least one processor. An upper-level MPPT protocol mayrefer to an MPPT protocol applied to a cluster of fluid turbines fordetermining a maximum (or near maximum) power point tracking for thecluster operating as an integral fluid energy conversion system. Anupper-level MPPT protocol may encompass a plurality of MPPT protocols(e.g., lower-level MPPT protocols) applied to each individual fluidturbine in the cluster. The upper-level MPPT protocol may override oneor more outputs of one or more lower-level MPPT protocols, for example,to account for fluid-dynamical coupling of at least some of theindividual fluid turbines. For example, each generator may be associatedwith a charge controller including an MPPT control unit. Each MPPTcontrol units may apply a (e.g., lower level) MPPT protocol to theassociated generator. At least one processor may receive signals fromeach MPPT control unit and determine upper-level loading statescorresponding to an upper-level MPPT protocol for the entire cluster.The at least one processor may transmit signals configured to impose theupper-level loading states to each associated charge controller. Each ofthe associated charge controllers may use the signals to impose theupper-level loading states on the associated generators.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 8 , each of rectifiers 530 mayconvert each of AC power outputs 408 to DC power outputs, which may betransmitted to common charge controller 802 at a DC stage. At least oneprocessor 428 (e.g., associated with cluster 401 of fluid turbines 404)may apply an upper-level MPPT protocol through common charge controller802 at the DC stage. The upper level MPPT protocol may affect theoperation of each of fluid turbines 404 in cluster 401 to coordinate atotal electric power output (e.g., aggregate AC power output 722 and/oraggregate DC power output 724) by all of fluid turbines 404.

In some embodiments, an upper-level MPPT protocol is applied at an ACstage through an inverter. An inverter may refer to a device orcircuitry that converts a direct current (DC) signal to an AC signal(e.g., a DC-to-AC converter), as described elsewhere in this disclosure.An AC stage may refer to a portion of an electronic circuit configuredfor alternating current flow. An AC stage of a circuit may be locateddownstream from an inverter configured to convert a DC signal to an ACsignal. A circuit for a fluid turbine may include a first AC stage and asecond AC stage. The first AC stage may correspond to an AC power outputfrom a fluid turbine. The AC power output may be converted to a DC powersignal (e.g., the DC stage) using a rectifier. The DC power signals maybe combined to form an aggregate power signal in the DC stage. Theaggregate DC power signal may be converted to an aggregate AC poweroutput using an inverter, and corresponding to the second AC stage(e.g., downstream the DC stage). The inverter may include an MPPT unitfor subjecting a load on a fluid turbine connected thereto. A cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may be connected to a common(e.g., shared) inverter for converting an aggregate DC power signalgenerated by the cluster to an aggregate AC power signal (e.g., foroutputting to an electrical grid). In some embodiments, a sharedinverter may include an MPPT unit for subjecting a load on an entirecluster of fluid turbines according to an upper-level MPPT protocol atan AC stage (e.g., the second AC stage). In some embodiments, anupper-level MPPT protocol applied at an AC stage through an inverterassociated with a cluster of fluid turbines may be implemented inconjunction with a plurality of (e.g., lower-level) MPPT protocolsapplied to each individual fluid turbine, for example, at a DC stagethrough a charge controller, and/or at an AC stage (e.g., the first ACstage) through an electronic brake control.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 8 , each of rectifiers 530 mayconvert each of AC power outputs 408 to DC power output signals. The DCsignals may be combined to an aggregate DC signal and transmitted toinverter 434. Inverter 434 may convert the aggregate DC signal to atotal AC power output 722 (e.g., an AC stage). At least one processor428 may apply an upper-level MPPT protocol at the AC stage throughinverter 434. The upper level MPPT protocol may affect the operation ofeach of fluid turbines 404 to coordinate aggregate (e.g., total)electric AC power output 722 of cluster 401.

Some embodiments involve a non-transitory computer readable mediumcontaining instructions that when executed by at least one processorcause the at least one processor to perform operations for coordinatingMPPT operations for a cluster of geographically-associated fluidturbines, the operations comprising: receiving data from the cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines; determining changes to totalpower output of the cluster based on changes in loading states ofindividual fluid turbines in the cluster; selecting a combination ofloading states for the individual fluid turbines in the cluster tocoordinate total power output for the cluster; and transmitting theselected combination of loading states to at least some of theindividual fluid turbines in the cluster in order to vary rotationalspeeds of the at least some of the individual fluid turbines in thecluster.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 4-5 , at least one processor(e.g., at least one processor 428 and/or 512) may perform operations forcoordinating MPPT operations for cluster 401 ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines 404A-404B. The at least oneprocessor may receive data from cluster 401 of geographically-associatedfluid turbines 404A-404B (e.g., via each of at least one sensor418A-418B). The at least one processor may determine changes to totalelectric power output 440 of cluster 401 based on changes in loadingstates of individual fluid turbines 404A-404B in cluster 401. The atleast one processor may select a combination of loading states forindividual fluid turbines 404A-404B in cluster 401 to coordinate totalelectric power output 440 for cluster 401. The at least one processormay transmit the selected combination of loading states to at leastindividual fluid turbine 404A in cluster 401 in order to vary arotational speed of at least individual fluid turbine 404A in cluster401.

FIG. 16 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary process 1600 forcoordinating MPPT operations for a cluster of geographically-associatedfluid turbines, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.In some embodiments, process 1600 may be performed by at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 428 and/or processor 512) toperform operations or functions described herein. In some embodiments,some aspects of process 1600 may be implemented as software (e.g.,program codes or instructions) that are stored in a memory (e.g., memory430 and/or memory 514) or a non-transitory computer readable medium. Insome embodiments, some aspects of process 1600 may be implemented ashardware (e.g., a specific-purpose circuit). In some embodiments,process 1600 may be implemented as a combination of software andhardware.

Referring to FIG. 16 , process 1600 includes a step 1602 of receivingdata from the cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines. Byway of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 43 , at least one processor 428may receive data from cluster 401 of geographically-associated fluidturbines 404A-404B. Process 1600 includes a step 1604 of determiningchanges to total power output of the cluster based on changes in loadingstates of individual fluid turbines in the cluster. By way of anon-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428 maydetermine changes to total electric power output 440 of cluster 401based on changes in loading states of individual fluid turbines404A-404B in cluster 401. Process 1600 includes a step 1606 of selectinga combination of loading states for the individual fluid turbines in thecluster to coordinate total power output for the cluster. By way of anon-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428 may selecta combination of loading states for fluid turbines 404A-404B in cluster401 to coordinate total electric power output 440 for cluster 401.Process 1600 includes a step 1608 of transmitting the selectedcombination of loading states to at least some of the individual fluidturbines in the cluster in order to vary rotational speeds of the atleast some of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster. By way of anon-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428 maytransmit the selected combination of loading states to at least one ofindividual fluid turbines 404A-404B in cluster 401 in order to varyrotational speeds of at least one of individual fluid turbines 404A-404Bin cluster 401.

Fluid turbines arranged in a cluster may be synchronized to exploitoutput and fluid flow fluctuations from other wind turbines and therebyimprove total power output. To achieve this, systems, methods, andcomputer program products are disclosed to coordinate the cycles of eachturbine in a cluster by controlling one or more operating parameters.For example, controlling a load to adjust a rotational velocity of oneor more fluid turbines may allow for adjusting a relative phase of therotational cycles of two or more fluid turbines, which in turn may allowfor exploiting fluid-dynamical coupling therebetween. Controllablychanging operating parameters of each turbine, may allow at least someturbines to exploit fluid currents and drafts generated by one or moreneighboring turbines in the cluster. For example, coordinating bladeorientation of an upstream fluid turbines may allow the upstream fluidturbine to exploit at least some draft generated by a downstream fluidturbine, and coordinating blade orientations of two side-by-side fluidturbines may allow each side-by-side fluid turbine to mutually exploitat least some draft generated by each other side-by-side fluid turbine.

Some embodiments involve a system for synchronizing a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. A fluid turbine may include amechanical device configured to capture energy from a fluid flow, asdescribed elsewhere in this disclosure. A plurality of geographicallyassociated fluid turbines may refer to a cluster of fluid turbinespositioned in relative proximity of each other, as described elsewherein this disclosure. Synchronizing a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may include coordinating,adjusting, and/or tuning one or more operating parameters of one or moreof the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines to achievea targeted goal (e.g., an increased total power output). Such operatingparameters may be associated, for example, with fluid-dynamical couplingbetween two or more fluid turbines of the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. Such operating parameters mayinclude, for example, a rotational frequency and/or a phase of arotational cycle of one or more of the fluid turbines. For example, thesynchronization may increase and/or decrease fluid-dynamical coupling,adjust a timing (e.g., start time and stop time) and/or duration offluid-dynamical coupling, and/or affect any other characteristic offluid-dynamical coupling between at least two fluid turbines of aplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, fluid energy conversion system 400 inFIGS. 4-5 , in conjunction with braking circuit 1300 in FIG. 13 ,collectively show a system for synchronizing a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines 404.

Some embodiments involve at least one processor. At least one processormay include a single processor or multiple processors communicativelylinked to each other, e.g., to control operations of a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines to operate collectively as asingle fluid energy conversion system, as described elsewhere in thisdisclosure.

Some embodiments involve receiving signals indicative of a phase of arotational cycle of a plurality of rotating blades of a fluid turbine ofthe plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines. A signal mayrefer to information encoded for transmission via a physical medium, asdescribed elsewhere in this disclosure. Receiving signals (e.g., from asensor) may involve polling periodically for an output signal, and/orreceiving a signal, e.g., as a synchronized event and/or anunsynchronized event such as a real-time interrupt event, as describedelsewhere in this disclosure. A rotational cycle of a plurality ofrotating blades of a fluid turbine may refer to one of a series ofrepeating revolutions (e.g., complete revolutions of) 360° by aplurality of blades of a fluid turbine spinning in response to a fluidflow. A phase of a rotational cycle may refer to a particular stage orposition within a revolution of a series of repeating revolutions. Aphase of a rotational cycle may be measured as an angle, e.g., in unitsof degrees, radians, minutes, and/or seconds. For example, when measuredin degrees, a full revolution may correspond to 360°, a quarter of acounterclockwise revolution may correspond to a 90° phase, and a quarterof a clockwise revolution may correspond to a −90° phase. A blade mayrefer to an object having a cross-sectional shape with a curved surfaceconfigured to cause a rotational motion consistent with a fluid flowincident on the blades, as described elsewhere in this disclosure. Aplurality of rotating blades of a fluid turbine may include multipleblades capable of rotating or spinning. A phase of a rotational cycle ofa plurality of rotating blades of a fluid turbine may refer to positionsof a plurality of blades within a rotational cycle. A phase in arotational cycle for a plurality of blades may indicate an absoluteand/or relative position of each of the blades with respect to one ormore other objects, such as a sensor configured with a fluid turbineconnected thereto, and/or one or more blades of another fluid turbine. Aphase of a rotational cycle together with a rotational speed may allowtracking a distance and/or orientation between any one blade (e.g., orof a particular region on any one blade) and one or more other objectsover time. The at least one processor may receive the signals from atleast one sensor associated with the fluid turbine.

In some embodiments, at least one processor may receive first signalsindicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of a first plurality ofrotating blades of a first fluid turbine of the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines and receive second signalsindicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of a second plurality ofrotating blades of a second fluid turbine of the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. For example, a first processorassociated with a first fluid turbine may receive first signals from oneor more sensors associated with at least one blade of the first fluidturbine and a second sensor associated with a second fluid turbine mayreceive second signals from one or more sensors associated with at leastone blade of the second fluid turbine. The first processor and thesecond processor may transmit the first and second signals,respectively, to at least one processor configured to synchronizeoperations of the first and second fluid turbines to operate as anintegral fluid energy conversion system.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 4-5 , for each fluid turbine404A and 404B, the at least one processor (e.g., each processor 512dedicated each of fluid turbines 404A and 404B, and/or processor 428associated with cluster 401) may receive signals from at least onesensor 418A and 418B, respectively. The signals may be indicative of aphase rotational cycle of a plurality of blades (e.g., see blades 206and 208 in FIG. 2 ) of each fluid turbine 404A and 404B. For example,the at least one sensor 418 may include rotation sensor 502 formeasuring rotational velocity of each fluid turbine 404A and 404B.Rotation sensor 502 may include, for example, an internal measuring unit(e.g., IMU) allowing to track an orientation of each plurality of bladesof fluid turbines 404A and 404B over time. The at least one processormay use the tracked orientations of each of the first and secondplurality of blades to determine a phase of the rotational cycle, e.g.,relative to a stationary object, and/or relative to each other.

In some embodiments, the first plurality of rotating blades isconfigured to generate a first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow.Downstream may refer to a relative location in a direction of fluidflow, where a fluid may arrive at a downstream location from an upstreamlocation. An object located downstream may encounter a fluid flow afteran object located upstream. A downstream fluid flow may refer to a fluidflowing from an upstream location to a downstream location. A fluidturbine downstream fluid flow may refer to a downstream fluid flowbeyond the rotating blades of an upstream turbine or caused or generatedby the rotating blades of a fluid turbine located upstream of anotherobject (e.g., upstream of another fluid turbine located downstream). Forexample, the rotating blades of an upstream fluid turbine may generateturbulence and/or a draft that may alter fluid passing beyond theupstream fluid turbine.

By way of a non-limiting example, reference is made to FIG. 17illustrating fluid flows of a plurality 1700 of geographicallyassociated fluid turbines 1702, 1704, and 1706, consistent with someembodiments of the present disclosure. Each of fluid turbines 1702,1704, and 1706 includes plurality of blades 1708A and 1708B, 1710A and1710B, and 1712A and 1712B, respectively. In some embodiments, fluidturbines 1702, 1704, and 1706 may correspond to fluid turbines 404(e.g., see FIG. 4 ). Thus, each of fluid turbines 1702, 1704, and 1706may be associated with a generator (e.g., generator 406), at least onesensor (e.g., at least one sensor 418) at least one processor (e.g., atleast one processor 308, 428, and/or 512) and a charge controller (e.g.,charge controller 410). In some embodiments, fluid turbines 1702, 1704,and 1706 may correspond to fluid turbines 100A, 100B, and 100C (e.g.,see FIG. 2 ). Plurality of blades 1710A and 1710B of fluid turbine 1704may generate fluid turbine downstream fluid flows 1714 and 1716.

In some embodiments, the second plurality of rotating blades isconfigured to receive at least a portion of the first fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow. A plurality of blades configured to receive afluid flow may refer to blades of a fluid turbine shaped, rotationallyphase controlled, and/or oriented to catch or interact with a fluid flowto cause a pressure differential on opposing sides of each blade,causing the plurality of blades to move in a spinning motion. Receivingat least a portion of the fluid turbine downstream flow may refer tocatching or interacting with at least some of the turbulence and/ordraft generated by fluid turbine located upstream. For example, anambient fluid flow (e.g., wind or an ocean current) may cause aplurality of blades of an upstream fluid turbine to spin. The spinningmotion of the plurality of blades located upstream may generateturbulence and/or a draft (e.g., a fluid turbine downstream fluid flow).A plurality of blades of a fluid turbine located downstream of theupstream fluid turbine may catch or interact with the ambient fluid flowaffecting the upstream fluid turbine, and may additionally catch orinteract with at least part of the fluid turbine downstream flowgenerated by the blades located upstream. In other words,fluid-dynamically coupling between the upstream fluid turbine and thedownstream fluid turbine may cause the downstream fluid turbine to beaffected by the fluid turbine downstream flow generated by the upstreamfluid turbine in addition to being affected by the ambient flow fluid.The fluid turbine downstream flow (e.g., fluid-dynamical coupling) mayaffect characteristic of the rotation of the plurality of blades of thedownstream fluid turbine. Such characteristics may include, for example,a rotational speed (e.g., an increase or decrease in rotational speed),a phase of a rotational cycle (e.g., a relative and/or absolute phase),a direction of rotation (e.g., a clockwise or counter-clockwiserotation), a steadiness (e.g., regularity) or unsteadiness (e.g.,irregularity) of rotation, a (e.g. regular) or unsteady (e.g.,irregular) rotation (e.g., caused by vibration of the plurality ofblades of the downstream fluid turbine), and/or any other characteristicof a rotation of a plurality of blades of a fluid turbine.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , plurality of blades 1708Aand 1708B of fluid turbine 1702 (e.g., the second plurality of blades ofthe second fluid turbine) may be located downstream of plurality ofblades 1710A and 1710B of fluid turbine 1704 (e.g., the first pluralityof blades of the first fluid turbine) relative to an ambient fluid flow1718 (e.g., atmospheric wind or an ocean current). Plurality of blades1708A and 1708B of fluid turbine 1702 may receive ambient fluid flow1718, and may additionally receive at least a portion of fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow 1714 (e.g., the first fluid turbine fluid flow)generated by first plurality of blades 1710A and 1710B of first fluidturbine 1704. Similarly, plurality of blades 1712A and 1712B of fluidturbine 1706 may be located downstream of first plurality of blades1710A and 1710B of first fluid turbine 1704 and may receive ambientfluid flow 1718, as well as at least a portion of fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow 1716 generated by first plurality of blades 1710Aand 1710B of first fluid turbine 1704.

In some embodiments, the second plurality of rotating blades isconfigured to generate a differential power output attributable to theat least portion of the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow. Adifferential power output may refer to a difference (e.g., a delta)between two different power outputs. A differential power output may bean absolute difference, and may not indicate which of the two poweroutputs is larger and which is smaller. Attributable may refer to beingtraced to, caused by, or otherwise associated with, e.g., another sourceor action. A differential power output attributable to the at leastportion of a fluid turbine downstream fluid flow may refer to a (e.g.,positive or negative) differential power output of a downstream fluidturbine that may be traced, caused by, or otherwise associated withturbulence and/or a draft generated by an upstream fluid turbine. Forexample, under an ambient fluid flow, a fluid-dynamically isolated fluidturbine may produce a first power output. Positioning the fluid turbine(e.g., under the same ambient fluid flow) downstream from an upstreamfluid turbine to cause fluid-dynamical coupling therebetween may causethe downstream fluid turbine to be affected by at least a portion of adownstream fluid flow generated by the upstream fluid turbine.Consequently, the downstream fluid turbine may produce a second poweroutput, different than the first power output. The difference betweenthe second power output and the first power output may be attributableto the portion of the turbulence of draft generated by the upstreamfluid turbine.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , plurality of rotatingblades 1708A and 1708B of fluid turbine 1702 (e.g., the second pluralityof rotating blades of the second fluid turbine) may generate adifferential power output attributable to at least a portion of fluidturbine downstream fluid flow 1714 generated by first plurality ofblades 1710A and 1710B of first fluid turbine 1704. Similarly, pluralityof rotating blades 1712A and 1712B of fluid turbine 1706 may generate adifferential power output attributable to at least a portion of fluidturbine downstream fluid flow 1716 generated by first plurality ofblades 1710A and 1710B of first fluid turbine 1704.

Reference is made to FIG. 18 showing an exemplary graph 1800 of cyclicalpower outputs 1802 and 1804 over time, consistent with some embodimentsof the present disclosure. Power output 1804 may be greater than poweroutput 1802. Power output 1802 may correspond to an AC power output of agenerator associated with the second plurality of rotating blades of thesecond fluid turbine attributable (e.g., solely) to ambient fluid flow1718. For example, the second plurality of rotating blades of the secondfluid turbine may correspond to plurality of blades 1708A and 1708B offluid turbine 1702 or plurality of blades 1712A and 1712B of fluidturbine 1706. Greater power output 1804 may correspond to an AC poweroutput of the generator associated with the second plurality of rotatingblades attributable to ambient fluid flow 1718 and additionallyattributable to at least a portion of the first fluid turbine downstreamfluid flow (e.g., fluid turbine downstream flow 1714 or 1716) generatedby first plurality of blades 1710A and 1710B of first fluid turbine1704. A differential power output 1806 may be attributable to the atleast a portion of the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow (e.g.,fluid turbine downstream flow 1714 or 1716) received by the firstplurality of rotating blades (e.g., blades 1708A and 1708B, or blades1712A and 1712B, respectively). For instance, differential power output1806 may correspond to difference between the peaks or troughs of (e.g.,AC) power output 1802 and greater power output 1804, an averagedifference between power outputs 1802 and 1804, or any other differencemeasure between power outputs 1802 and 1804. In some embodiments, poweroutput 1804 may correspond to aggregate AC power output 722 (e.g., seeFIGS. 7-11 ).

In some embodiments, the first fluid turbine is located upstream of thesecond turbine. Upstream may refer to a relative location in a fluidflow, where a fluid may flow from an upstream location to a downstreamlocation. An object located upstream may encounter a fluid flow prior toan object located downstream. The first fluid turbine may receive thefluid flow before the second fluid turbine. The first fluid turbine maygenerate the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow from the receivedfluid flow, such that the second fluid turbine may receive both thefluid flow and at least a portion of the first fluid turbine downstreamfluid flow.

By way of a non-limiting example, first fluid turbine 1704 may belocated upstream of fluid turbine 1702 and fluid turbine 1706 relativeto fluid flow 1718.

In some embodiments, the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines are wind turbines and the fluid is flowing air. A wind turbinemay include a fluid turbine configured to convert wind (e.g., an airflow) to electric energy via a generator connected thereto. Flowing airmay refer to a current of air (e.g., a movement of air) from onelocation to another. Flowing air may be associated with a directionindicating a trajectory of motion.

In some embodiments, the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines are water turbines and the fluid is flowing water. A waterturbine may include a fluid turbine configured to convert a water flowto electric energy via a generator connected thereto. Flowing water mayinclude an ocean current, a river current, a water fall, and/or anyother movement of water from one location to another. Flowing water maybe associated with a direction indicating a trajectory of motion.

In some embodiments, rotational axes of the first fluid turbine and thesecond fluid turbine are substantially vertical. In some embodiments,rotational axes of the first fluid turbine and the second fluid turbineare substantially horizontal. A rotational axis of a fluid turbine maybe defined by a shaft, rod, or line around which rotating elements of afluid turbine revolve. Vertical may refer to substantially perpendicularto the ground and/or a fluid flow. A vertical fluid turbine (e.g., VAWT)may refer to a fluid turbine where an axis of rotation for the turbineblades may be substantially perpendicular to the ground and/or a fluidflow. Horizontal may refer to parallel to a fluid flow, and/or theground. A horizontal fluid turbine (e.g., HAWT) may refer to a fluidturbine where an axis of rotation for the turbine blades may besubstantially parallel to the ground and/or a fluid flow.

In some embodiments, each blade of the first plurality of blades and thesecond plurality of blades is a lift blade. A lift blade may refer to ablade having a configured to generate lift, for example, by having acurved surface for generating lower fluid pressure from a fluid flow,and an opposing flatter surface for generating higher fluid pressurefrom the fluid flow. The pressure difference may cause a lifting forceperpendicular to the direction of the fluid flow.

By way of a non-limiting example, plurality 1700 of fluid turbines 1702,1704, and 1706 may be wind turbines (e.g., see fluid turbines 100, 102,and 106 to 112 in FIG. 1 ) and fluid flow 1718 may be flowing air (e.g.,wind). Alternatively, plurality 1700 of fluid turbines 1702, 1704, and1706 may be water turbines (e.g., see fluid turbine 104) and fluid flow1718 may be flowing water (e.g., an ocean or river current). In someembodiments, at least some of plurality 1700 of fluid turbines 1702,1704, and 1706 may be vertical fluid turbines (e.g., see vertical axisfluid turbines 100 and 106 to 112). Alternatively, at least some ofplurality 1700 of fluid turbines 1702, 1704, and 1706 may be horizontalfluid turbines (e.g., see horizontal fluid turbine 102). In someembodiments, each of blade of first plurality of blades 1710A and 1710Band each blade of plurality of blades 1708A and 1708B (e.g., the secondplurality of blades) may be a lift blade. Similarly, each blade ofplurality of blades 1712A and 1712B may be a lift blade.

In some embodiments, the first fluid turbine and the second fluidturbine are similarly shaped. Similarly shaped may refer to havingsubstantially the same dimensions, design, and/or relative arrangementof the component parts. For example, the first and second fluid turbinesmay both be vertical-axis fluid turbines, or may both be horizontal-axisturbines. As another example, the first and second fluid turbines mayhave the same number of rotating blades, each rotating blade having asubstantially similar airfoil shape.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 3 , each of fluid turbines100A, 100B, and 100C may be similarly shaped.

In some embodiments, the first signals and second signals are imagesignals received from at least one image sensor. Image signals mayinclude electronic signals associated with data formatted according to aprotocol associated with image or video data (e.g., JPEG, PNG, MP5). Animage sensor may refer to device that captures and converts light intoan electronic signal. Non-limiting examples of image sensors includecameras, CODs, CMOSs, CIDs, InGaAs's, rolling shutters, and globalshutters) Image sensors may operate in the visible and/or IR spectrum.An image sensor may convert an image formed on an image sensor plane toimage signals for transmitting to at least one processor. The at leastone image sensor may be stationary (e.g., being affixed to a generatorassociated with the plurality of rotating blades) and/or may rotate(e.g., being affixed to one or the blades or a rotatable shaft connectedthereto). The at least one image sensor may capture a sequence of imagesover a time period of the plurality of rotating blades, for examplerelative to one or more additional objects (e.g., stationary objectssuch as generator connected thereto and/or rotating objects such asanother plurality of rotating blades). The at least one processor mayanalyze the image signals received from the at least one image sensor todetermine a phase of a rotational cycle of a plurality of blades (e.g.,using one or more image processing techniques, such as edge detection,object recognition, convolutions, Fourier transforms, and/or any otherimage processing technique), where the phase may be relative to the oneor more objects captured in the image signals. Additionally oralternatively, the at least one image sensor may be associated with amagnetometer (e.g., a compass) allowing the at least one processor todetermine a phase of a rotational cycle of the plurality of blades basedon the image signals together with signals from the magnetometer.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 4-5 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 428 and/or 512) may receiveimage signals from at least one image sensor 524 associated with each offluid turbines 404A and 404B.

By way of another non-limiting example, reference is made to FIG. 19showing a sequence 1900 of image signals 1902 to 1916 (e.g., images) ofa plurality of blades of a fluid turbine rotating over a time period,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Imagesignals 1902 to 1916 may be acquired by at least one image sensor 524.The fluid turbine depicted in image signals 1902 to 1916 may correspondany of fluid turbines 100A-100C, fluid turbines 404, and/or fluidturbines 1702, 1704, and 1706. The rotation of the plurality of bladesdepicted in image signals 1902 to 1916 over time may be clockwise andmay produce cyclical power outputs 1802 and/or 1804. From left to right,top to bottom, the at least one processor (e.g., at least one processor308, 512 and/or 428) may determine from image signals 1902 to 1916 arotational phase for the plurality of blades depicted therein, beginningfrom 0° (e.g., image signal 1902), and increasing over time to 10°(e.g., image signal 1904), 30° (e.g., image signal 1906), 45° (e.g.,image signal 1908), 60° (e.g., image signal 1910), 90° (e.g., imagesignal 1912), 135° (e.g., image signal 1914), and to 155° (e.g., imagesignal 1916). Upon reaching a full revolution (e.g., a phase of 360°),the at least one processor may reset the phase to 0° and repeat theprocess. The at least one processor may receive a version of sequence1900 for each fluid turbine of the plurality of fluid turbines. Forexample, the at least one processor may receive a version of sequence1900 for each of fluid turbines 1702, 1704, and 1706, allowing the atleast one processor to analyze each version of sequence 1900 todetermine a phase of a rotational cycle for each of fluid turbines 1702,1704, and 1706, and to determine a relative phase shift therebetween.

Some embodiments involve determining from the first signals and thesecond signals that greater aggregate power output is achievable throughblade phase coordination. Blade phase coordination may include one ormore of adjusting, aligning, and/or arranging a (e.g., relative) phaseof rotational cycles of the blades of at least two fluid turbines tocause the at least two fluid turbines to operate in a cooperative manner(e.g., as an integral fluid energy conversion system). Blade phasecoordination may be achieved, for example, by decelerating and/oraccelerating a rotational speed of at least one of the at least twofluid turbines for at least a limited period of time. Blade phasecoordination between a first plurality of blades and a second pluralityof blades (e.g., rotating at substantially similar rotationalvelocities) may allow maintaining a targeted distance and/or orientationbetween at least one blade (e.g., or a specific region on at least oneblade) of the first plurality of blades and at least one blade (e.g., ora specific region on at least one blade) of the second plurality ofblades over time. An aggregate power output (e.g., aggregate powersignal) may refer to a power signal outputted (e.g., produced) bycombining multiple electrical power signals originating from differentpower sources (e.g., generators) into a single, merged power signal. Forexample, an aggregate power output may be produced by convertingmultiple AC power outputs from multiple fluid turbines to multiple DCpower signals, combining the multiple DC power signals to an aggregateDC power output, and optionally converting the aggregate DC power outputto an aggregate AC power output using an inverter. A greater aggregatepower output may include an increased aggregate power output, a targetedpower output value (e.g., a minimum power output value), a targetedrange of a power output, a statistical measure of targeted power outputover time (e.g., a mean, mode, and/or standard deviation of an aggregatepower output over time period), and/or any other measure of an aggregatepower output that is greater than an aggregate power output achieved,e.g., prior to implementing a phase correction. Achievable (e.g., toachieve) may include attainable, feasible, and/or capable of beingimplemented to realize a targeted result. Determining from signals thatgreater aggregate power output is achievable through blade phasecoordination may include using the received signals to perform one ormore or measurements, comparisons, simulations, estimations, and/orcalculations indicating a greater aggregate power output and/or apotential greater aggregate power output is achievable. For example, theat least one processor may apply a blade phase coordination to theplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines and measure anaggregate power outputted by the plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines subject to the blade phase coordination. The at least oneprocessor may compare the measured aggregate power outputted under theblade phase coordination to an aggregate power outputted by theplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines prior to applyingthe blade phase coordination. Based on the comparison, the at least oneprocessor may determine if greater aggregate power is achievable via theblade phase coordination. In some embodiments, the at least oneprocessor may apply a series of differing blade phase coordinations tothe plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines and make aseries of measurements of differing aggregate power outputted under eachdiffering blade phase coordination, followed by a series of comparisons(e.g., in an iterative manner) to determine a particular blade phasecoordination associated with a maximum (e.g., or near maximum) aggregatepower output. In some embodiments, the at least one processor maysimulate an application of one or more blade phase coordinations on theplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines and calculate oneor more potential aggregate power outputs attributable to simulatedblade phase coordinations to determine if greater aggregate power isachievable by applying one or more of the simulated blade phasecoordinations to the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may use one ormore charts comparing power output to rotational speed (e.g., see FIG.12 ) associated with one or more of the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines to calculate one or morepotential aggregate power outputs attributable to one or more simulatedblade phase coordinations.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 17 and 18 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 512, and/or 428) maydetermine from the first signals and the second signals that greateraggregate power output is achievable through blade phase coordination.For example, referring to FIG. 19 , the at least one processor mayidentify one or more fluid turbine downstream fluid flows 1714 and 1716greater than one or more lesser fluid turbine downstream fluid flows1920 generated by first fluid turbine 1704. The at least one processormay determine that the phase of downstream fluid turbine 1702 causesplurality of blades 1708A and 1708B to catch a small portion (e.g., ornone) of fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714 and instead, catch agreater portion of the lesser fluid turbine downstream fluid flows 1920.Similarly, the phase of downstream fluid turbine 1706 may causeplurality of blades 1712A and 1712B to catch a small portion (e.g., ornone) of fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1716 and instead, catch agreater portion of lesser fluid turbine downstream fluid flows 1920. Theat least one processor may determine that blade phase coordination mayallow positioning and/or orienting plurality of blades 1708A and 1708Brelative to plurality of blades 1710A and 1710B such that plurality ofblades 1708A and 1708B catch a greater portion of greater fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow 1714. Similarly, the at least one processor maycalculate a blade phase coordination for plurality of blades 1712A and1712B. The at least one processor may determine that allowing pluralityof blades 1708A and 1708B and plurality of blades 1712A and 1712B tocatch the greater portion of fluid turbine downstream fluid flows 1714and 1716, respectively (e.g., via the blade phase coordination) maycause plurality 1700 of geographically-associated fluid turbines toachieve a greater aggregate power output.

Reference is made to FIG. 20 showing a chart 2000 of aggregate poweroutput 2002 relative to a number of fluid turbines 2004 included in aplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines, consistent withsome embodiments of the present disclosure. Chart 2000 shows thataggregate power output 2002 may increase non-linearly as the number offluid turbines 2004 increases linearly (e.g., beyond three fluidturbines). The non-linear increase may be attributable tofluid-dynamical coupling between the greater than three individual fluidturbines in the cluster, which may be tuned or adjusted via blade phasecoordination. For example, a single fluid turbine (e.g., operatingindependently) may produce an power output of 36.5 Watts, whereas acluster of five geographically-associated fluid turbines may produce anaggregate output of 417 Watts, leading to an increase in aggregate powerof 128%. The increase in aggregate power may be attributable tofluid-dynamical coupling and blade phase coordination between individualfluid turbines in the cluster.

Reference is made to FIG. 21 showing a chart 2100 of average poweroutput 2002 relative to a number of fluid turbines 2004 included in aplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines, consistent withsome embodiments of the present disclosure. Chart 2100 shows thataverage power output 2102 may increase non-linearly as the number offluid turbines 2104 increases linearly (e.g., beyond three fluidturbines). The non-linear increase may be attributable tofluid-dynamical coupling between the greater than three individual fluidturbines in the cluster, which may be tuned or adjusted via blade phasecoordination. For example, a single fluid turbine (e.g., operatingindependently) may produce an average power output of 36.5 Watts,whereas a cluster of five geographically-associated fluid turbines mayproduce an aggregate output of 83.4 Watts, leading to an increase inaggregate power of 128%. The increase in aggregate power may beattributable to fluid-dynamical coupling and blade phase coordinationbetween individual fluid turbines in the cluster.

Some embodiments involve determining a phase correction between thefirst plurality of rotating blades and the second plurality of rotatingblades based on the first signals and the second signals, in order toachieve the greater aggregate power output. A phase correction betweenthe first plurality of rotating blades and the second plurality ofrotating blades may refer to an adjustment or modification of a relativephase between the first plurality of rotating blades and the secondplurality of rotating blades to cause a corrected relative phasetherebetween. For example, prior to a phase correction, a relative phasebetween a first plurality of rotating blades and a second plurality ofrotating blades may be 45°. A phase correction of 15° (e.g.,counter-clockwise) may change the relative phase between the firstplurality of rotating blades and the second plurality of rotating bladesto 60°, whereas a phase correction of −15° (e.g., clockwise) may changethe relative phase between the first plurality of rotating blades andthe second plurality of rotating blades to 30°. Implementing a phasecorrection may involve adjusting a rotational speed of at least one ofthe fluid turbines (e.g., for a limited time period). For example, ifthe first and second fluid turbines are rotating at substantially thesame rotational speed, the at least one processor may cause therotational speed of at least one of the fluid turbines to decelerateand/or accelerate until a targeted phase is achieved between the firstplurality of rotating blades and the second plurality of rotatingblades. Ceasing the deceleration and/or acceleration of the at least oneof the fluid turbines may allow the first and second plurality ofrotating blades to resume rotation at substantially the same rotationalspeed, thereby maintaining the corrected phase therebetween. In someembodiments, implementing a phase correction may involve adjusting arotational speed of at least one of the fluid turbines for an extendedperiod of time. For example, if the first and second fluid turbines arerotating at substantially different rotational speeds, afterimplementing a phase correction, the at least one processor maycontinually accelerate and/or decelerate at least one of the fluidturbines to cause the first plurality of blades and second plurality ofblades to rotate at substantially the same rotational speed, to maintainthe phase correction over time. Achieving a greater aggregate poweroutput may refer to realizing or attaining an increase (e.g., a targetedincrease) in aggregate power output. In some embodiments, achieving agreater aggregate power output may include exploiting or diminishing(e.g., suppressing) an effect of fluid-dynamical coupling between thefirst plurality of rotating blades and the second plurality of rotatingblades via the phase correction. For instance, if the differential poweroutput attributable to the portion of the first fluid turbine downstreamfluid flow is positive, a phase correction configured to exploitfluid-dynamical coupling between the first and second pluralities ofrotating blades may facilitate in achieving a greater aggregate poweroutput. Alternatively, if the differential power output attributable tothe portion of the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow isnegative, a phase correction configured to suppress at least some of thefluid-dynamical coupling between the first and second pluralities ofrotating blades may facilitate in achieving a greater aggregate poweroutput.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 428, and/or 512) maydetermine a phase correction 1720 between first plurality of rotatingblades 1710A and 1710B and second plurality of rotating blades 1708A and1708B based on the first signals and the second signals, in order toachieve a greater aggregate power output, e.g., including greater poweroutput 1804 instead of power output 1802. For example, temporarilyslowing and/or increasing a rotational speed of first plurality ofrotating blades 1710A and 1710B and/or second plurality of rotatingblades 1708A and 1708B to introduce phase correction 1720 may allowsecond plurality of rotating blades 1708A and 1708B to catch a largerportion of fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714 and a smallerportion of the lesser fluid turbine downstream fluid flows 1920.Catching the larger portion of fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714may allow a rotational velocity of second fluid turbine 1702 to increaseand/or to comply with an MPPT protocol, thereby achieving a greateraggregate power output (e.g., aggregate power output 440 of FIG. 4 , oraggregate AC power output 722 and/or aggregate DC power output 724 ofFIGS. 7 to 11 ). For example, phase correction 1720 may correspond to arelative phase shift of 10° (e.g., in a counter-clockwise direction). Ina similar manner the at least one processor may calculate a blade phasecoordination 1722 for fluid turbine 1706 (e.g., corresponding to arelative clockwise phase shift of −20°).

Some embodiments involve calculating coordinating signals based on thedetermined phase correction. Calculating coordinating signals mayinclude performing one or more mathematical and/or logical operations todetermine signals configured to promote, engender, or otherwise bringabout coordinated operation of two or more fluid turbines. Calculatingcoordinating signals based on a phase correction may include calculatingcoordinating signals configured to implement the phase correction, e.g.,by subjecting a load onto one or more generator associated with thefirst fluid turbine and/or the second fluid turbine. The load may (e.g.,temporarily) adjust a rotational velocity of the first fluid turbineand/or the second fluid turbine to impose the phase correctiontherebetween.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 428, and/or 512) maycalculate coordinating signals based on determine phase corrections 1720and 1722. For example, the coordinating signals may correspond totemporarily increasing and/or decreasing load on fluid turbines 1702 and1706.

Some embodiments involve outputting the coordinating signals to imposethe phase correction and thereby achieve the greater aggregate poweroutput. Outputting coordinating signals to impose the phase correctionmay include transmitting one or more electronic signals configured tocause the phase correction between the first plurality of rotatingblades and the second plurality of rotating blade. The at least oneprocessor may transmit the coordinating signals to a braking system(e.g., a mechanical and/or electronic braking system) using one or morewire and/or wireless communication links. For example, the at least oneprocessor may transmit coordinating signals indicating a load (e.g., apositive or negative load) to one or more charge controller associatedwith the first plurality of blades and/or the second plurality ofblades. The at least one charge controller may adjust a load associatedwith the first plurality of blades and/or the second plurality of bladesin accordance with the coordinating signals, e.g., using an electronicbraking system.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 13 and 17 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 428 and/or 512) may outputcoordinating signals via braking circuit 1300. For example, each offluid turbines 1702, 1704, and 1706 may be associated with a version ofbraking circuit 1300. The version of braking circuit 1300 associatedwith fluid turbine 1702 may impose phase correction 1720 and the versionof braking circuit 1300 associate with fluid turbine 1706 may imposephase correction 1722.

In some embodiments, the at least one processor is further configured toreceive third signals indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of athird plurality of rotating blades of a third fluid turbine of theplurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines, wherein the thirdplurality of rotating blades is configured to generate a third fluidturbine downstream fluid flow; receive fourth signals indicative of aphase of a rotational cycle of a fourth plurality of rotating blades ofa fourth fluid turbine of the plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines, wherein the fourth plurality of rotating blades isconfigured to receive at least a portion of the third fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow and generate a differential power outputattributable to the at least portion of the third fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow, wherein calculating coordinating signals isadditionally based on the third signals and the fourth signals, thecoordinating signals being further configured to impose an additionalphase correction between the third plurality of rotating blades and thefourth plurality of rotating blades in order to achieve the greateraggregate power output, and wherein outputting the coordinating signalsis further configured to impose the additional phase correction andthereby achieve the greater aggregate power output. For example,receiving, calculating and outputting for the third and fourth fluidturbines may include performing substantially similar functionsdescribed elsewhere in this disclosure with respect to the first andsecond fluid turbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, reference is made to FIG. 22 showing aschematic diagram of an exemplary cluster 2200 of fluid turbines,consistent with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Cluster 2200includes at least four geographically-associated fluid turbines 2202,2204, 2206, and 2208 (e.g., each corresponding to any of fluid turbines404 and/or fluid turbines 1702, 1704, and 1706). Thus each of fluidturbines 2202, 2204, 2206, and 2208 may be associated with a generator(e.g., generator 406), at least one sensor (e.g., at least one sensor418) at least one processor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 428,and/or 512) and a charge controller (e.g., charge controller 410). Fluidturbines 2202 and 2204 may correspond to the first and second fluidturbines, respectively, and fluid turbines 2206 and 2208 may correspondto a third and fourth fluid turbine, respectively. The at least oneprocessor may receive third signals (e.g., see image signals 1900 inFIG. 19 ) indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of a thirdplurality of rotating blades 2210. Third plurality of rotating blades2210 may generate a third fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 2212. Theat least one processor may receive fourth signals (e.g., see imagesignals 1900 in FIG. 19 ) indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle ofa fourth plurality of rotating blades 2214 of fourth fluid turbine 2208of plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines 2200. Fourthplurality of rotating blades 2214 may receive at least a portion ofthird fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 2212 and generate adifferential power output (e.g., see differential power output 1806 ofFIG. 18 ) attributable to the at least portion of the third fluidturbine downstream fluid flow 2212.

The at least one processor may additionally calculate the coordinatingsignals based on the third signals and the fourth signals. Thecoordinating signals may impose an additional phase correction 2216between third plurality of rotating blades 2210 and fourth plurality ofrotating blades 2214 to achieve the greater aggregate power output.Outputting the coordinating signals may impose additional phasecorrection 2216 and thereby achieve the greater aggregate power output.

In some embodiments, the coordinating signals are configured to generatea load for slowing rotation of at least one of the first plurality ofblades and the second plurality of blades for a limited period of time,thereby imposing the first phase correction between the first pluralityof blades and the second plurality of blades. A load (e.g., anelectrical load) may refer to an impedance or resistance. Such a loadmay be imposed on an electrical generator (e.g., and a fluid turbineconnected thereto) causing rotation of the electrical generator and/or afluid turbine connected thereto to slow. Generating a load may involvedrawing away at least some electrical energy produced by a generator toan energy sink. Drawing away more electrical energy (e.g., increasing aload) may increase an impedance causing a rotational velocity of thefluid turbine to slow down. Drawing away less electrical energy (e.g.,decreasing the load) may reduce an impedance cause a rotational velocityof the fluid turbine to increase. Coordinating signals configured togenerate a load for slowing a rotation of a plurality of blades (e.g.,of a fluid turbine) may include electronic signals (e.g., transmitted byat least one processor) instructing an electronic braking system and/ora charge controller to divert (e.g., or increase an amount of diverted)electrical energy produced by the rotation of the plurality of blades toan energy sink. Diverting the electrical energy may introduce animpedance that may cause rotation of the plurality of blades to slow. Alimited period of time may refer to a time duration that is bounded orrestricted. Generating a load for slowing a plurality of blades for alimited period of time may involve introducing a load by divertingelectrical energy produced by a generator connected to the plurality ofblades, and removing the load once the limited period of timeterminates, e.g., by ceasing the diverting of electrical energy.Generating a load for slowing a plurality of blades for a limited periodof time may temporarily slow rotation of the plurality of blades tointroduce a phase shift relative to another plurality of blades.Removing the load when the limited time period terminates may allow theplurality of blades to resume a prior rotational velocity (e.g., priorto generating the load) to maintain the phase shift between the firstand second plurality of blades.

In some embodiments, the coordinating signals are configured to alterapplication of the load to at least one generator connected to at leastone of the first fluid turbine and the second fluid turbine. Alteringapplication of a load to a generator may include to changing, adjusting,tuning, and/or otherwise modifying a load imposed on a generator, forexample by modifying a level of power diverted from a generator,modifying an impedance imposed on a generator, and/or using any othertechnique to adjust a load imposed on a generator. Modifying applicationof a load to a generator may cause a corresponding modification to arotational velocity of a rotor of the generator. Increasing a loadapplied to a generator may cause the rotational velocity, and decreasingthe load may cause the rotational velocity to increase. Increasing ordecreasing a rotational velocity of a generator may cause acorresponding increase or decrease to a rotational velocity of a fluidturbine connected thereto.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 428, and/or 512) maycalculate the coordinating signals to generate a load for slowingrotation of at least one of first plurality of blades 1710A and 1710Band second plurality of blades 1708A and 1708B for a limited period oftime. For example, the at least one processor may transmit thecoordinating signals to a charge controller (e.g., see charge controller410 in FIG. 4 ) associated with each of first plurality of blades 1710Aand 1710B and second plurality of blades 1708A and 1708B. Thecoordinating signals may impose first phase correction 1720 betweenfirst plurality of blades 1710A and 1710B and second plurality of blades1708A and 1708B. In some embodiments, the coordinating signals may alterapplication of the load to a generator (e.g., generator 406) connectedto at least one of first fluid turbine 1704 and second fluid turbine1706. For example, the coordinating signals may increase or decrease theload, change a start or finish time for applying the load, extend orcontract a duration for applying the load, and/or introduce any otheralteration to the load.

In some embodiments, the coordinating signals are configured to reduce aload and thereby accelerate rotation of at least one of the firstplurality of blades and the second plurality of blades for a limitedperiod of time, thereby imposing the first phase correction between thefirst plurality of blades and the second plurality of blades. To reducea load (e.g., on a generator and/or a fluid turbine connected thereto)may involve lessening an impedance imposed thereon, e.g., by lesseningan amount of energy diverted away to an energy sink. Reducing a load maycause a rotational speed of a generator and/or a fluid turbine connectedthereto to increase. Accelerate rotation of a plurality of blades mayinclude increasing a rotational speed of a plurality of blades, forexample by reducing a load imposed on a generator connected thereto.Reducing a load to accelerate rotation of a plurality of blades for alimited period of time may involve removing a load by ceasing to divertenergy produced by a generator connected thereto for a limiting periodof time, and re-introducing the load by diverting energy away from thegenerator once the limited period of time terminates. Reducing a load toaccelerate rotation of a plurality of blades for a limited period oftime may temporarily increase rotation of the plurality of blades tointroduce a phase shift relative to another plurality of blades, andresume a prior rotational velocity of the plurality of blades (e.g.,prior to generating the load) to maintain the phase shift.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , the coordinating signalsmay reduce a load and thereby accelerate rotation of at least one offirst plurality of blades 1710A and 1710B and second plurality of blades1708A and 1708B for a limited period of time. The reduction of the loadmay impose first phase correction 1720 between first plurality of blades1710A and 1710B and second plurality of blades 1708A and 1708B.

Some embodiments involve calculating the coordinating signals includesapplying a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) protocol to the pluralityof geographically-associated fluid turbines. Maximum Power PointTracking (MPPT) protocol may involve transmitting signals to adjust arotational speed of a fluid turbine, as described elsewhere in thisdisclosure. In some embodiments, each fluid turbine may be associatedwith a chart or lookup table (e.g., stored in memory) mapping variationsof power output versus rotational speed under various fluid speeds. Theat least one processor may use the chart or lookup table to select anoptimal (e.g., or near optimal) rotational speed for each associatedfluid turbine, corresponding to a peak (e.g., or near peak) power outputunder a given fluid speed. In some embodiments, the at least oneprocessor may apply one or more algorithms, such as a machine learningalgorithm. The at least one processor may transmit signals to adjust therotational speed of each geographically-associated fluid turbine toachieve the selected rotational speed for each fluid turbine, e.g., incompliance with an MPPT protocol.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 428, and/or 512) may applyan MPPT protocol (e.g., based on a version of chart 1200 associated witheach of fluid turbines 1702, 1704, and 1706) to calculate thecoordinating signals for each of fluid turbines 1702, 1704, and 1706 ofcluster 1700.

Some embodiments involve obtaining at least one of a time-based or afrequency-based power wave for the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines, and wherein applying the MPPTprotocol includes applying the at least one of the time-based orfrequency based power wave to the MPPT protocol. A time-based power wavemay refer to a correspondence (e.g., a graph, a chart, a table, analgorithm, a numerical or analytical model) indicating how much power isoutputted at any given moment over time. A frequency-based power wavemay refer to a correspondence (e.g., a graph, a chart, a table, analgorithm, a numerical or analytical model) indicating how much power isoutputted at any particular frequency over a range of frequencies. Atime-based power wave may be converted to a frequency-based power wave,and vice-versa, using, for example, a mathematical transformation, suchas a Fourier transform. Applying the at least one of the time-based orfrequency based power wave to the MPPT protocol may include transmittingsignals to adjust a rotational speed of a fluid turbine based on atime-based or frequency-based power wave to cause a generator to operateaccording to the adjusted rotational speed and thereby produce a maximum(or near-maximum) power output.

By way of a non-limiting example, FIG. 14 shows graph 1400 representinga time-based power wave for a plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines. For example, time-based power wave may correspond to anaggregate AC power output (e.g., aggregate AC power output 722 of FIGS.7 to 11 ) for fluid turbines 1702, 1704, and 1706 of FIG. 17 . The atleast one processor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 428, and/or 512)may apply graph 1400 representing a time-based power wave to the MPPTprotocol. For example, a frequency of graph 1400 may indicate an averagerotational velocity for the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbine, and an amplitude of graph 1400 may indicate a peak (or nearpeak) power output.

In some embodiments, each blade of the first plurality of blades and thesecond plurality of blades includes a flow-receiving surface and aflow-deflecting surface opposite the flow-receiving surface. An oppositesurface may refer to an opposing surface of an object. For example, asubstantially flat object may have an upwards facing surface and adownwards facing surface, opposite the upwards facing surface. Aflow-receiving surface may refer to a first blade surface (e.g., oredge) configured to catch or interact with a fluid flow to create adifferential fluid velocity between the first blade surface and a secondblade surface opposite the first blade surface. The differential fluidvelocity may create a pressure differential promoting rotation of theblade. A flow-deflecting surface may refer to the second blade surface(e.g., or edge) opposite the flow-receiving surface and may beconfigured to push a fluid flow away from the blade as the bladerotates. In some embodiments, a flow-receiving surface of a blade may besubstantially flat, and a flow-deflecting surface of a blade may becurved, causing higher fluid pressure on the substantially flatflow-receiving surface and lower fluid pressure on the curvedflow-deflecting surface. The difference in fluid pressure may induce aforce (e.g., a lift force) promoting blade motion.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , each of blade of thefirst plurality of blades 1710A and 1710B and second plurality of blades1708A and 1708B may include a flow receiving surface 1724 (e.g., seeconcave surfaces of second plurality of blades 1708A and 1708B) and aflow-deflecting surface 1726 (e.g., see convex surfaces of firstplurality of blades 1710A and 1710B).

In some embodiments, each flow-receiving surface is configured toreceive a first rotation-inducing fluid flow. A rotation-inducing fluidflow may refer to a fluid flow that, when incident on one or more bladesof a fluid turbine, may cause the one or more blades to spin. Aflow-receiving surface configured to receive a rotation-inducing fluidflow may refer to at least a portion of a blade surface configured tocatch or interact with a fluid flow to produce a differential fluidvelocity between the flow-receiving surface and the opposingflow-deflecting surface of the blade. The differential fluid velocitymay cause a pressure differential promoting rotational motion of theblade. For example, a blade having a flow-receiving surface may have acurved or airfoil shape.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , flow-receiving surfaces1724 of second plurality of blades 1708A and 1708B may receive firstfluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714 from first fluid turbine 1704,e.g., in addition to fluid flow 1718, inducing a rotation of secondplurality of blades 1708A and 1708B.

In some embodiments, the flow-deflecting surfaces of the first pluralityof blades are configured to at least partially generate the first fluidturbine downstream fluid flow in a first angular region of the pluralityof blades during rotation. An angular region of the plurality of bladesduring rotation may refer to an arc (e.g., a fraction of a revolution)spanned by the plurality of blades as the rotating blades encompass afull revolution (e.g., 360°) during rotation. An angular region may bemeasured in angles, radians, minutes, and/or seconds, and may correspondto a fraction of a complete revolution. An angular region of theplurality of blades during rotation may remain substantially fixed asthe blades rotate such that each blade of the plurality of blades mayenter and exit the angular region in each full revolution. For example,the angular region may span a 30° arc between 75° and 105° of a full(e.g., counterclockwise 360°) revolution on a cartesian plane.Flow-deflecting surfaces of a plurality of blades configured to at leastpartially generate the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow in afirst angular region may refer to fluid-dynamic properties of theflow-deflecting surfaces of the plurality of blades that cause a fluidflow to be pushed away (e.g., deflected) from a flow-deflecting surfacewhen the blade is located in the angular region. The flow-deflectingsurfaces of the plurality of blades may deflect more fluid flow in someangular regions than others, e.g., depending on a shape of theflow-deflecting surface and/or on a direction of the fluid flow.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 17 , flow-deflecting surfaces1726 of first plurality of blades 1710A and 1710B may at least partiallygenerate first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714 in a firstangular region 1728 of the plurality of blades during rotation.

In some embodiments, the first angular region is characterized by a flowvelocity greater than a flow velocity in a second angular region. A flowvelocity may refer to an instantaneous speed or rate of a flow or aspeed or rate of flow over a time interval. A (e.g., first) flowvelocity greater than a (e.g., second) flow velocity may refer to afirst rate of motion of a continuous flow faster or higher than a secondrate of rate of motion of a continuous flow. In a fixed time period, afluid moving at the first flow velocity may cover a greater distancethan a fluid moving at the second flow velocity. A first angular region(e.g., of a plurality of blades) characterized by a flow velocitygreater than a flow velocity in a second angular region (e.g., of theplurality of blades) may refer to a first rate of motion of a continuousflow associated with the first angular region (e.g., a first fraction ofa revolution) being faster or greater than a second rate of motion of acontinuous flow associated with a different angular region, e.g.,outside the first angular region. In some embodiments, the first angularregion may be characterized by a greater average flow velocity overtime, a greater maximum or minimum flow velocity, and/or a narrowerstandard deviation in flow velocity than a second angular region. Forexample, the first angular region may correspond to a 30° arc about12-o'clock, and a second angular region may correspond to a 30° arcabout 3-o'clock. The flow velocity of a fluid flow deflected from ablade located in the 30° arc about 12-o'clock may be greater than theflow velocity of a fluid flow deflected from a blade located in in the30° arc about 3-o'clock.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 19 , first angular region 1922of the plurality of blades shown in image signal 1902 may becharacterized by a flow velocity greater than second angular region 1924shown in image signal 1906. For example, first angular region 1922 maybe characterized by a flow velocity greater than any angular regionexternal to angular region 1922. By way of another non-limiting example,in FIG. 17 , first angular region 1728 of first plurality of blades1710A and 1710B may be characterized by a flow velocity (e.g., of firstfluid turbine downstream fluid flow) greater than an angular region offirst plurality of blades 1710A and 1710B external to angular region1728.

In some embodiments, the first phase correction is configured to causethe first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow in the first angularregion to be at least partially received by the flow-receiving surfaceof the second plurality of blades to thereby achieve the greateraggregate power output. A phase correction configured to cause a fluidturbine downstream fluid flow in the first angular region to be at leastpartially received by a flow-receiving surface of the second pluralityof blades may include applying a phase correction to adjust a distanceand/or orientation of a flow-receiving surface of a blade of the secondplurality of blades relative to a flow-deflecting surface of a blade ofthe first plurality of blades when the blade of the first plurality ofblades is located in the first angular region. The phase correction mayallow the flow-receiving surface of the blade of the second plurality ofblades to receive at least part of the first fluid turbine downstreamfluid flow deflected from the flow-deflecting surface of the blade ofthe first plurality of blades. Since the blade of the first plurality ofblades deflecting the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow islocated in the first angular region, the flow velocity of the firstfluid turbine downstream fluid flow may be greater than if the bladewere located external to the first angular region. Consequently, theflow-receiving surface of a blade of the second plurality of blades mayreceive the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow having a greatervelocity (e.g., due to being deflected from the first angular region).The greater velocity may allow the second fluid turbine to generate adifferential power output, e.g., in addition to the power outputgenerated from the fluid flow absent the first fluid turbine downstreamfluid flow. Aggregating the differential power output to the powergenerated by the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbinesmay achieve the greater aggregate power output.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 19 , image signals 1902includes a first angular region 1922. When a flow-deflecting surface ofa blade is located in first angular region 1922, the fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow 1714 deflected from the flow-deflecting surfacemay be greater than a fluid turbine downstream fluid flow deflected fromother angular regions. In FIG. 17 , the first phase correction may alignflow-receiving surface 1724 of blade 1708B of second fluid turbine 1702with flow-deflecting surface 1726 of blade 1710A of first fluid turbine1704 when flow-deflecting surface 1726 is located in first angularregion 1728. Consequently, flow-receiving surface 1724 of blade 1708Bmay receive fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714 having a greaterfluid velocity, increasing the rotational speed of second fluid turbine1702. The increased rotational speed of second fluid turbine 1702 mayallow achieving a greater aggregate power output (e.g., see aggregatepower output 440 of FIG. 4 ).

In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured todetermine from the first signals and the second signals that the firstplurality of blades has a similar phase cycle as the second plurality ofblades. A phase cycle may refer to a single element (e.g., a motif) of asequence of repeating elements that form a pattern characterizing atime-based waveform for a signal (e.g. a power signal). Characteristicsof a phase cycle (e.g. for a signal) may include one or more of a timewhen a cycle begins, a time when a cycle ends, a duration of a cycle, atime in a cycle when a signal reaches a maximum value, a time in cyclewhen a signal reaches a minimum value, a time in a cycle when a signalreaches zero, and/or any other attribute of a waveform describing asignal over time. A phase cycle for a plurality of blades may include acorrespondence between a position and/or orientation of a plurality ofrotating blades at a given point time and a time-based waveform of apower signal generated by the plurality of rotating blades. A phasecycle for a plurality of blade may indicate a position and/ororientation for a plurality of blades corresponding to a peak (ornear-peak) power output, a minimum (or near-minimum) power output, azero power output, a duration of a complete revolution, a time when arevolution begins, a time when a revolution ends, and/or any otherattribute characterizing a rotation of plurality of rotating bladesassociated with a power output waveform. In some embodiment, a phasecycle for a plurality of blades may include a direction (e.g., clockwiseor counter-clockwise) of rotation.

In some embodiments, outputting the coordinating signals to impose thefirst phase correction is configured to cause the first plurality ofblades and the second plurality of blades to assume differing phasecycles. Differing phase cycles may refer to two or more phase cycles(e.g. for two or more pluralities of rotating blades) distinguished byat least one characteristic of a phase cycle. Assume may refer toaccepting or taking on. Causing a first plurality of blades and a secondplurality of blades to assume differing phase cycles may involveadjusting (e.g., temporarily or on a continual basis) a rotation of thefirst and/or second plurality of blades (e.g., by adjusting a loadimposed on a generator connected thereto) such that a phase cycle of thefirst plurality of blades may be distinguished from the second pluralityof blades by at least one phase cycle characteristic. For example, theat least one processor may transmit coordinating signals causing a phasecycle for a first plurality of blades to be longer/shorter than a phasecycle for a second plurality of blades, and/or cause a maximum/minimumpower output for the first plurality of blades to occur before/after amaximum/minimum power output for the second plurality of blades. In someembodiments, the at least one processor may determine that the firstplurality of blades and second plurality of blades have differing phasecycles, and the coordinating signals may cause the first plurality ofblades and the second plurality of blades to assume substantiallysimilar phase cycles.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , the at least one processor(e.g., processor 308, 428, and/or 512) may determine from the firstsignals received from at least one sensor 418A and from the secondsignals received from at least one sensor 418B that the first pluralityof blades of first fluid turbine 404A has a similar phase cycle as thesecond plurality of blades of second fluid turbine 404B (e.g., theyrotate in unison, beginning and ending each revolution at the sameorientation). The at least one processor may output the coordinatingsignals (e.g., to a version of braking circuit 1300 associated with eachof first fluid turbine 404A and second fluid turbine 404B) to cause thefirst plurality of blades of first fluid turbine 404A to assume adiffering phase cycles. For example, a phase cycle of first fluidturbine 404A may cause a peak power output to occur 1 second before apeak power output of second fluid turbine 404A.

Some embodiments involve determining from the first signals and thesecond signals that an orientation of the first plurality of blades issimilar to an orientation of the second plurality of blades. Anorientation of a plurality of blades may refer to a position (e.g., arelative position) of at least one blade of the plurality of blades(e.g., at a given instant in time). For example, an orientation for aplurality of blades may be such that at a beginning of each phase cycle,a first blade of the first plurality of blades faces north and a secondblade faces south and halfway through the phase cycle, the first bladefaces south, and the second blade faces north. A similar orientation mayrefer to two (or more) equivalent of matching orientations. Anorientation of a first plurality of blades similar to an orientation ofa second plurality of blades may involve the first and second pluralityof blades initiating rotation from a substantially equivalentorientation (e.g., each including a blade oriented in substantially thesame direction), and continuing rotation at substantially the samerotational velocity (e.g., in unison) thereby preserving thesubstantially equivalent orientation over time.

In some embodiments, outputting the coordinating signals is configuredto cause the orientation of the first plurality of blades to differ fromthe orientation of the second plurality of blades. A differentorientation may refer to a dissimilar or inequivalent orientation. Forexample, at the beginning of a phase cycle, one blade of a firstplurality of blades may face north and a second blade of the firstplurality of blades may face south, whereas one blade of a secondplurality of blades may face west and a second blade of the secondplurality of blades may face east. In such a case, the orientation ofthe first plurality of blades may be different than the orientation ofthe second plurality of blades by a quarter of a cycle (e.g.,corresponding to a relative phase shift of 90° in each rotationalcycle). Causing an orientation of a first plurality of blades to differfrom an orientation of a second plurality of blades may involveadjusting (e.g., temporarily or continually) a rotation of the firstand/or second plurality of blades (e.g., by adjusting a load imposed ona generator connected thereto) such that an orientation of the firstplurality of blades may be distinguished from an orientation of thesecond plurality of blades. For example, the at least one processor mayadjust a rotational speed of the first and/or second plurality of bladesto introduce a relative phase shift therebetween. In some embodiments,the at least one processor may determine from the first and secondsignals that the orientation of the first and second plurality of bladesis different, and the coordinating signals may cause the orientation ofthe first and second plurality of blades to be substantially similar.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , the at least one processor(e.g., at least one processor 308, 428, and/or 512) may determine fromthe first signals received from at least one sensor 418A and the secondsignals received from at least one sensor 418B that an orientation ofthe first plurality of blades of first fluid turbine 404A is similar toan orientation of the second plurality of blades of second fluid turbine404B. The at least one processor may output the coordinating signals tocause the orientation of the first plurality of blades of first fluidturbine 404A to differ from the orientation of the second plurality ofblades of second fluid turbine 404B.

In some embodiments, the first signals are indicative of first ACsignals generated by the first fluid turbine, and wherein the secondsignals are indicative of second AC signals generated by the secondfluid turbine. AC signals may refer to alternating current signals. ACsignals generated by a fluid turbine may include AC signals generated bya generator connected to a fluid turbine. When a fluid flow causes aplurality of blades of a fluid turbine to rotate, the rotation of theplurality of blades may cause a corresponding rotation of a rotor of thegenerator. The rotation of the rotor may cause a fluctuating magneticfield for inducing an alternating current (e.g., AC signals) in copperwindings of the generator (e.g., the rotor may include magnetssurrounding copper windings located in a stator of the generator, or thereverse). Thus, characteristics (e.g., phase, frequency) of the ACsignals generated by a generator connected to a fluid turbine maycorrespond to characteristics (e.g., phase, frequency) of the rotationof the plurality of blades of the fluid turbine. The at least oneprocessor may use AC signals produced by a generator as an indication ofthe rotation of the plurality of blades connected thereto (e.g.,accounting for one or more gears for adjusting a rotational speed of theplurality of blades and/or rotor).

In some embodiments, the first AC signals are characterized by afrequency and a relative phase corresponding to a frequency and phase ofthe rotational cycle of the first plurality of rotating blades atparticular points in time, and wherein the second AC signals arecharacterized by a frequency and a relative phase corresponding to afrequency and phase of the rotational cycle of the second plurality ofrotating blades at the particular points in time. Frequency may refer toa number of cycles per unit of time (e.g., per second or per minute). Afrequency of an AC signal may be measured in Hz (e.g., cycles persecond) and a frequency of a rotational cycle of a plurality of bladesmay be measured as revolutions per minute (e.g., RPM). As noted, arotation of a plurality of blades of a fluid turbine may correspond toan AC signal produced by a generator connected thereto due to theassociated fluctuating magnetic field inducing the AC signal. Thus, awaveform representing an AC signal may correspond to a pattern ofrotation of a plurality of blades generating the AC signal in a fluidenergy conversion system. Consequently, a frequency of rotation of theplurality of blades may correspond to a frequency of the AC signal(e.g., after accounting for gearing and conversion between RPM and Hz).Similarly, a relative phase of the plurality of blades may correspond toa relative phase of the AC signal. The first AC signals may beassociated with the first plurality of rotating blades (e.g., thefrequency and phase of the first AC signals may be associated with arotational frequency and phase of the first plurality of blades,respectively). Similarly, the second AC signals may be associated withthe second plurality of rotating blades (e.g., the frequency and phaseof the second AC signals may be associated with a rotational frequencyand phase of the second plurality of blades, respectively).

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 14 , graph 1400 shows a signalindicative of an AC signal. In FIG. 4 , the at least one processor(e.g., processor 308, 428, or 512) may receive signals (e.g.,corresponding to graph 1400) from power output sensors 512 of sensors418A and 418B signals indicative of AC power outputs 408A and 408B offirst fluid turbine 404A and second fluid turbine 408B, respectively. ACpower output 408A may be characterized by a frequency and a relativephase corresponding to a frequency and phase of the rotational cycle ofthe first plurality of rotating blades of first fluid turbine 404A atparticular points in time. Similarly, AC power output 408B may becharacterized by a frequency and a relative phase corresponding to afrequency and phase of the rotational cycle of the second plurality ofrotating blades of second fluid turbine 404B at the particular points intime. In some embodiments, each fluid turbine of the cluster of fluidturbines includes a rotating shaft to which respective first pluralityof blades and second plurality of blades are connected. A shaft mayinclude a pole, a rod, a post, a support, a pylon, or any other axle oraxis. A rotating shaft may refer to a pole or rod secured in a manner toallow rotation (e.g., allowing at least one degree of freedom). Bladesof a fluid turbine may be connected to a shaft allowing the blades to besupported by the shaft which may rotate with the blades. Connecting theshaft with the blades to a rotor may allow transferring kinetic energyof a flowing fluid to a rotary motion by the rotor to produce electricalenergy.

In some embodiments, the first signals are associated with a rotationrate or position detector associated with the shaft of the first fluidturbine, and wherein the second signals are associated with a rotationrate or position detector associated with the shaft of the second fluidturbine. A rotation rate may refer to a number of revolutions per timeunit (e.g., measure in Hz or RPM) and may correspond to a frequency. Aposition detector may include an accelerometer, a gyroscope,magnetometer, a potentiometer, an inductive position sensor, and/or anyother sensor configured to measure position. A position detectorassociated with a shaft of a fluid turbine may include any device thatmeasures a position of the shaft (e.g., a rotational orientation of theshaft). Examples of position detectors include RVDTs, potentiometers,optical encoders, and capacitive sensors. The position detector maytransmit signals to at least one processor indicating a position of theposition detector over time, allowing the at least one process to detecta rotation rate and/or phase of the rotating shaft.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , each of fluid turbines404A and 404B may correspond to fluid turbine 106 (FIG. 1 ) including arotating shaft 114 to which each respective plurality of blades (e.g.,blades 208 and 206 of FIG. 2 ) may be connected. The first signals(e.g., received from at least one sensor 418A) may be associated withrotation rate measure by rotation sensor 502 (e.g., see FIG. 5 ,rotation sensor 502 may function as a position detector) associated withshaft 114 of first fluid turbine 404A, and the second signals (e.g.,received from at least one sensor 418B) may be associated with arotation rate measure by rotation sensor 502 (e.g., functioning as aposition detector) associated with shaft 114 of second fluid turbine404B.

In some embodiments, the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines includes a plurality of additional turbines and wherein thecoordinating signals are configured to impose additional phasecorrections on each of the additional turbines. Additional fluidturbines may refer to other fluid turbines included in the plurality offluid turbines, other than the first and second fluid turbines. Forexample, the plurality of fluid turbines may include more than two, morethan ten, more than twenty, more than thirty, or any number of fluidturbines. Additional phase corrections of each of the additional fluidturbines may include additional signals transmitted by the at least oneprocessor to each of the additional fluid turbines. Each of theadditional signals may adjust a load on one or more of the additionalfluid turbines, causing a corresponding adjustment to a phase of the oneor more additional fluid turbines. In some embodiments, the at least oneprocessor may cause a different load adjustment to different fluidturbine, thereby subjecting the different fluid turbines to differentphase corrections. In some embodiments, the at least one processor maycause the same load adjustment to at least some of the additional fluidturbines, thereby subjecting the at least some of the additional fluidturbines to the same phase correction.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 22 , plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines 2200 may include a plurality ofadditional turbines 2206 and 2208. The coordinating signals may imposeadditional phase corrections on each of the additional turbines 2206 and2208 (e.g., as well as on fluid turbines 2202 and 2204).

In some embodiments, calculating the coordinating signals is furtherbased on at least one of a blade orientation, a blade rotational rate,or a power output of at least one of the first fluid turbine and thesecond fluid turbine. A blade orientation may refer to an angle of ablade relative to an axis of rotation, such as a blade pitch or bladeyaw. A blade rotational rate may refer to a number of revolutionsperformed by a blade under a fluid flow per time unit (e.g., measured asRPM or Hz). A power output of a fluid turbine may refer to a poweroutput of a generator connected to a fluid turbine. In some embodiments,calculating the coordinating signals is further based on at least one ofa blade orientation, a blade rotational rate, a phase location, or apower output of at least one of the first fluid turbine and the secondfluid turbine. A phase location may refer to where the blades arelocated in their circumferential orbit. A phase location may be measuredin angles (e.g., relative to an initial location of a circumferentialorbit), and/or as a distance (e.g., a cartesian distance) relative toone or more physical objects (e.g., stationary objects).

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , the at least one processor(e.g., at least one processor 308, 428, and/or 512) may calculate thecoordinating signals further based on at least one of a bladeorientation (e.g., based on data received from pitch control 528 and/oryaw control 526), a blade rotational rate (e.g., based on data receivedfrom rotation sensor 502), or a power output (e.g., based on datareceived from power output sensor 510) of at least one of first fluidturbine 404A and second fluid turbine 404B.

In some embodiments, the at least one processor is associated with acharge controller connected to the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. A charge controller may referto an electronic device configured to help ensure compliance of a fluidturbine with one or more regulations, specifications, and/orrecommendations, as described elsewhere in this disclosure.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 8-9 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 428, and/or 512) may beassociated with charge controller 802 and/or charge controller 902connected to plurality 401 of geographically-associated fluid turbines404. For example, the at least one processor may communicate with thecharge controller to control a load for correcting a phase between twoor more fluid turbines 404.

In some embodiments, at least one processor is associated with aninverter connected to the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines. An inverter may refer to a device or circuitry that converts adirect current (DC) signal to an AC signal (e.g., a DC-to-AC converter),as described elsewhere in this disclosure.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 7-11 , the at least oneprocessor (e.g., at least one processor 308, 428, and/or 512) may beassociated with inverter 434 connected to plurality 401 ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines 404. For example, the at leastone processor may communicate with the inverter to control a load forcorrecting a phase between two or more fluid turbines 404.

In some embodiments, the at least one processor is associated with acontrol system external to the plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines. A control system external to a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines may include a control systemlocated remotely to the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines (e.g., such that the control system lacks geographicalassociation with the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines), a control system housed in a housing separate from thegeographically-associated fluid turbines, a control system associatedwith one or more additional pluralities of geographically-associatedfluid turbines, and/or any other configuration for a control system thatis separate from the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines. For example, the control system may be associated with a cloudcomputing service in communication with the plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines. A control system may includeat least one processor (e.g., located locally and/or remotely)configured to direct, manage, and/or administer one or more operationsof a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 , at least one processor 428may be associated with interconnecting circuit 414 functioning as acontrol system external to plurality 401 of geographically-associatedfluid turbines 404.

Some embodiments involve a non-transitory computer readable mediumcontaining instructions that when executed by at least one processorcause the at least one processor to perform operations for synchronizinga plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines, the operationscomprising: receiving first signals indicative of a phase of arotational cycle of a first plurality of rotating blades of a firstfluid turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluidturbines, wherein the first plurality of rotating blades is configuredto generate a first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow; receivingsecond signals indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of a secondplurality of rotating blades of a second fluid turbine of the pluralityof geographically-associated fluid turbines, wherein the secondplurality of rotating blades is configured to receive at least a portionof the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow and generate adifferential power output attributable to the at least portion of thefirst fluid turbine downstream fluid flow; determining from the firstsignals and the second signals that greater aggregate power output isachievable through blade phase coordination; determining a phasecorrection between the first plurality of rotating blades and the secondplurality of rotating blades based on the first signals and the secondsignals, in order to achieve the greater aggregate power output;calculating coordinating signals based on the determined phasecorrection; and outputting the coordinating signals to impose the phasecorrection and thereby achieve the greater aggregate power output.

By way of a non-limiting example, in FIG. 4 taken in conjunction withFIG. 17 , at least one processor (e.g., processor 428 and/or 512) mayreceive first signals from at least one sensor 418 associated with firstfluid turbine 1704 indicative of a phase of a first plurality ofrotating blades (e.g., blades 1710A and 1710B) of first fluid turbine1704. The first plurality of rotating blades 1710A and 1710B maygenerate a first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714. The at leastone processor may receive second signals from at least one sensor 418associated with second fluid turbine 1702 indicative of a phase of arotational cycle of second plurality of rotating blades 1708A and 1708Bof second fluid turbine 1702 of plurality of geographically-associatedfluid turbines 1700. Second plurality of rotating blades 1708A and 1708Bmay receive at least a portion of first fluid turbine downstream fluidflow 1714 and generate a differential power output (e.g., seedifferential power output 1806 in FIG. 18 ) attributable to the at leastportion of first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714. The at leastone processor may determine from the first signals and the secondsignals that greater aggregate power output (e.g., aggregate poweroutput 440) is achievable through blade phase coordination. The at leastone processor may determine a phase correction 1720 between firstplurality of rotating blades 1710A and 1710B and second plurality ofrotating blades 1708A and 1708B based on the first signals and thesecond signals, in order to achieve the greater aggregate power output.The at least one processor may calculate coordinating signals based onthe determined phase correction. The at least one processor may outputthe coordinating signals to impose phase correction 1720 and therebyachieve the greater aggregate power output 440. For example, the atleast one processor may output the coordinating signals to a chargecontroller (e.g., any of charge controllers 410, 802, or 902), and/or toinverter 434.

FIG. 23 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary process 2300 forsynchronizing a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines,consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure. In someembodiments, process 2300 may be performed by at least one processor(e.g., processor 428 and/or processor 512) to perform operations orfunctions described herein. In some embodiments, some aspects of process2300 may be implemented as software (e.g., program codes orinstructions) that are stored in a memory (e.g., memory 430 and/ormemory 514) or a non-transitory computer readable medium. In someembodiments, some aspects of process 2300 may be implemented as hardware(e.g., a specific-purpose circuit). In some embodiments, process 2300may be implemented as a combination of software and hardware.

Referring to FIG. 16 , process 2300 includes a step 2302 of receivingfirst signals indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of a firstplurality of rotating blades of a first fluid turbine of the pluralityof geographically-associated fluid turbines, wherein the first pluralityof rotating blades is configured to generate a first fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow. By way of a non-limiting example, in FIGS. 4 and17 , at least one processor (e.g., processor 428 and/or 512) may receivefirst signals from at least one sensor 418 associated with first fluidturbine 1704 indicative of a phase of a first plurality of rotatingblades (e.g., blades 1710A and 1710B) of first fluid turbine 1704. Thefirst plurality of rotating blades 1710A and 1710B may generate a firstfluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714. Process 2300 includes a step2304 of receiving second signals indicative of a phase of a rotationalcycle of a second plurality of rotating blades of a second fluid turbineof the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines, whereinthe second plurality of rotating blades is configured to receive atleast a portion of the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow andgenerate a differential power output attributable to the at leastportion of the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow. By way of anon-limiting example, the at least one processor may receive secondsignals from at least one sensor 418 associated with second fluidturbine 1702 indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of secondplurality of rotating blades 1708A and 1708B of second fluid turbine1702 of plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines 1718.Second plurality of rotating blades 1708A and 1708B may receive at leasta portion of first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow 1714 and generatea differential power output (e.g., see differential power output 1806 inFIG. 18 ) attributable to the at least portion of first fluid turbinedownstream fluid flow 1714. Process 2300 includes a step 2306 ofdetermining from the first signals and the second signals that greateraggregate power output is achievable through blade phase coordination.By way of a non-limiting example, The at least one processor maydetermine from the first signals and the second signals that greateraggregate power output (e.g., aggregate power output 440) is achievablethrough blade phase coordination. Process 2300 includes a step 2308 ofdetermining a phase correction between the first plurality of rotatingblades and the second plurality of rotating blades based on the firstsignals and the second signals, in order to achieve the greateraggregate power output. By way of a non-limiting example, the at leastone processor may determine a phase correction 1720 between firstplurality of rotating blades 1710A and 1710B and second plurality ofrotating blades 1708A and 1708B based on the first signals and thesecond signals, in order to achieve the greater aggregate power output.Process 2300 includes a step 2310 of calculating coordinating signalsbased on the determined phase correction. By way of a non-limitingexample, the at least one processor may calculate coordinating signalsbased on the determined phase correction. Process 2300 includes a step2312 of outputting the coordinating signals to impose the phasecorrection and thereby achieve the greater aggregate power output. Byway of a non-limiting example, the at least one processor may output thecoordinating signals to impose phase correction 1720 and thereby achievethe greater aggregate power output 440.

Examples of inventive concepts are contained in the following clauseswhich are an integral part of this disclosure.

Clause 1. A system for coordinated braking of a plurality ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines, the system comprising:

-   -   at least one processor configured to:    -   access memory storing information indicative of a tolerance        threshold for at least one operating parameter associated with        the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   receive information from at least one sensor indicative of the        at least one operating parameter for a particular fluid turbine        among the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   compare the information indicative of the at least one operating        parameter for the particular fluid turbine with the tolerance        threshold stored in memory;    -   determine, based on the comparison, whether the at least one        operating parameter for the particular fluid turbine deviates        from the tolerance threshold; and    -   upon a determination that the at least one operating parameter        for the particular fluid turbine deviates from the tolerance        threshold, send a braking signal to each of the        geographically-associated fluid turbines to slow each of the        geographically-associated fluid turbines.        Clause 2. The system according to clause 1, wherein the at least        one sensor includes a rotational sensor, and wherein the at        least one operating parameter corresponds to a rotational speed        of the particular fluid turbine.        Clause 3. The system according to clause 1 and 2, wherein the at        least one sensor includes a fluid speed detector, and wherein        the at least one operating parameter corresponds to fluid speed        affecting the particular fluid turbine.        Clause 4. The system according to clause 1 to 3, wherein the at        least one sensor includes a vibration sensor, and wherein the at        least one operating parameter corresponds to a vibration of the        particular fluid turbine.        Claus 5. The system according to clause 1 to 4, wherein the at        least one sensor includes a temperature sensor, and wherein the        at least one operating parameter corresponds to a temperature of        the particular fluid turbine.        Clause 6. The system according to clause 1 to 5, wherein the at        least one sensor includes a power output sensor, and wherein the        at least one operating parameter corresponds to a power output        of the particular fluid turbine.        Clause 7. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 6, wherein        the slowing of each of the geographically-associated fluid        turbines includes stopping each geographically-associated fluid        turbine.        Clause 8. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein        the at least one processor is further configured to cause        locking of each geographically-associated fluid turbine in a        stopped state.        Claus 9. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein        the at least one processor is further configured to receive an        unlock signal from a local or remote location and unlocking each        of the geographically-associated fluid turbines in response to        the unlock signal.        Clause 10. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 9,        wherein following the locking, the at least one processor is        configured to receive a fluid speed signal, and to cause an        unlocking of each geographically-associated fluid turbine when        the fluid speed signal corresponds to a fluid speed within the        tolerance threshold.        Clause 11. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 10,        wherein following the slowing, the at least one processor is        configured to receive a fluid speed signal, and to cause a        release of the braking for each geographically-associated fluid        turbine when the fluid speed signal corresponds to a fluid speed        within the tolerance threshold.        Clause 12. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 11,        wherein the braking signal is configured to synchronize each        fluid turbine in the plurality of geographically-associated        fluid turbines.        Clause 13. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 12,        wherein synchronizing allows for application of a Maximum Power        Point Tracking (MPPT) protocol to the plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines upon release of        braking.        Clause 14. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 13,        wherein the synchronizing harmonizes rotational timing for each        turbine in the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines.        Clause 15. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 14,        wherein the synchronizing coordinates a rotational orientation        of each turbine in the plurality of geographically-associated        turbines.        Clause 16. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 15,        wherein the geographically-associated fluid turbines are wind        turbines.        Clause 17. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 16,        wherein the geographically-associated fluid turbines are water        turbines.        Clause 18. A non-transitory computer readable medium containing        instructions that when executed by at least one processor cause        the at least one processor to perform operations for coordinated        braking of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, the operations comprising:    -   accessing memory storing information indicative of a tolerance        threshold for at least one operating parameter associated with        the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   receiving information from at least one sensor indicative of on        the at least one operating parameter for a particular fluid        turbine among the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   compare the information indicative of the at least one operating        parameter for the particular fluid turbine with the tolerance        threshold stored in memory;    -   determining, based on the comparison, whether the at least one        operating parameter for the particular fluid turbine deviates        from the tolerance threshold; and    -   upon a determination that the at least one operating parameter        for the particular fluid turbine exceeds the tolerance        threshold, sending a braking signal to each of the        geographically-associated fluid turbines to slow each of the        geographically-associated fluid turbines.        Clause 19. A method for coordinated braking of a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines, the operations        comprising:    -   accessing memory storing information indicative of a tolerance        threshold for at least one operating parameter associated with        the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   receiving information from at least one sensor indicative of at        least one operating parameter for a particular fluid turbine        among the plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;        -   compare the information indicative of the at least one            operating parameter for the particular fluid turbine with            the tolerance threshold stored in memory;    -   determining, based on the comparison, whether the at least one        operating parameter for the particular fluid turbine deviates        from the tolerance threshold; and    -   upon a determination that the at least one operating parameter        for the particular fluid turbine exceeds the tolerance        threshold, sending a braking signal to each of the        geographically-associated fluid turbines to slow each of the        geographically-associated fluid turbines.        Clause 20. A system for coordinating MPPT operations for a        cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines, the system        comprising:

at least one processor configured to:

-   -   receive data from the cluster of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   determine changes to total power output of the cluster based on        changes in loading states of individual fluid turbines in the        cluster;    -   select a combination of loading states for the individual fluid        turbines in the cluster to coordinate total power output for the        cluster; and    -   transmit the selected combination of loading states to at least        some of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster in order to        vary rotational speeds of the at least some of the individual        fluid turbines in the cluster.        Clause 21. The system according to clause 1-20, wherein at least        some of the turbines in the cluster are fluid-dynamically        coupled.        Clause 22. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 21,        wherein the combination of loading states for the individual        fluid turbines in the cluster are selected based on applying an        MPPT protocol to each individual fluid turbine to determine an        associated individual loading state for each individual fluid        turbine and subjecting at least one of the individual loading        states for an individual fluid turbine to at least one global        constraint for the cluster.        Clause 23. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 22,        wherein applying the MPPT protocol to each individual turbine        includes, while each individual turbine is in operation in first        fluid conditions, initially testing a generator electrical        output of the individual turbine based on a sequence of        differing loads.        Clause 24. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 23,        wherein testing the generator of each individual turbine based        on the sequence of differing loads includes simulating the        differing loads on the generator and predicting a response of        the generator.        Clause 25. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 24,        wherein testing the generator of each individual turbine based        on the first sequence of differing loads includes applying the        differing loads on each generator and measuring a response of        each generator.        Clause 26. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 25,        wherein selecting the combination of loading states for the        individual fluid turbines in the cluster accounts for variations        in fluid conditions affecting the cluster.        Clause 27. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 26,        wherein the variations in fluid conditions are associated with        variations in power outputted by differing ones of the fluid        turbines in the cluster.        Clause 28. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 27,        wherein selecting the combination of loading states for the        individual fluid turbines in the cluster accounts for a spatial        distribution of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster.        Clause 29. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 28,        wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive,        determine, select, and transmit on a continual basis.        Clause 30. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 29,        wherein the at least one processor is configured to adjust for        varying fluid conditions over time.        Clause 31. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 30,        wherein the fluid turbines are wind turbines.        Clause 32. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 31,        wherein the fluid turbines are water turbines.        Clause 33. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 32,        wherein determining includes calculating or measuring changes to        total power output.        Clause 34. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 33,        wherein the selected combinations of loading states are        configured to cause some fluid turbines in the cluster to        operate differently from other fluid turbines in the cluster.        Clause 35. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 34,        wherein the differences in operation vary based on changing        fluid conditions.        Clause 36. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 35,        wherein the selected combinations of loading states vary over        time for differing combinations of fluid turbines in the        cluster.        Clause 37. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 35,        wherein the differing operations in the cluster include at least        one of a rotational speed (RPM), a voltage output, a current        output, a direction of rotation, a blade orientation to a fluid        flow, or a relative blade orientation between at least two fluid        turbines in the cluster.        Clause 38. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 37,        wherein the cluster of fluid turbines includes horizontal axis        turbines.        Clause 39. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 38,        wherein the cluster of fluid turbines includes vertical axis        turbines.        Clause 40. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 39,        wherein an upper-level MPPT protocol is applied at a DC stage        through a charge controller.        Clause 41. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 40,        wherein an upper-level MPPT protocol is applied at an AC stage        through an inverter.        Clause 42. A non-transitory computer readable medium containing        instructions that when executed by at least one processor cause        the at least one processor to perform operations for        coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster of        geographically-associated fluid turbines, the operations        comprising:    -   receiving data from the cluster of geographically-associated        fluid turbines;    -   determining changes to total power output of the cluster based        on changes in loading states of individual fluid turbines in the        cluster;    -   selecting a combination of loading states for the individual        fluid turbines in the cluster to coordinate total power output        for the cluster; and    -   transmitting the selected combination of loading states to at        least some of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster in        order to vary rotational speeds of the at least some of the        individual fluid turbines in the cluster.        Clause 43. A method for coordinating MPPT operations for a        cluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines, the method        comprising:    -   receiving data from the cluster of geographically-associated        fluid turbines;    -   determining changes to total power output of the cluster based        on changes in loading states of individual fluid turbines in the        cluster;    -   selecting a combination of loading states for the individual        fluid turbines in the cluster to coordinate total power output        for the cluster; and    -   transmitting the selected combination of loading states to at        least some of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster in        order to vary rotational speeds of the at least some of the        individual fluid turbines in the cluster.        Clause 44. A system for synchronizing a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines, the system comprising:

at least one processor configured to:

-   -   receive first signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a first plurality of rotating blades of a first fluid        turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, wherein the first plurality of rotating blades is        configured to generate a first fluid turbine downstream fluid        flow;    -   receive second signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a second plurality of rotating blades of a second fluid        turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, wherein the second plurality of rotating blades is        configured to receive at least a portion of the first fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow and generate a differential power        output attributable to the at least portion of the first fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   determine from the first signals and the second signals that        greater aggregate power output is achievable through blade phase        coordination;    -   determine a phase correction between the first plurality of        rotating blades and the second plurality of rotating blades        based on the first signals and the second signals, in order to        achieve the greater aggregate power output;    -   calculate coordinating signals based on the determined phase        correction; and    -   output the coordinating signals to impose the phase correction        and thereby achieve the greater aggregate power output.        Clause 45. The system of clause 44, wherein the at least one        processor is further configured to    -   receive third signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a third plurality of rotating blades of a third fluid        turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, wherein the third plurality of rotating blades is        configured to generate a third fluid turbine downstream fluid        flow;    -   receive fourth signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a fourth plurality of rotating blades of a fourth fluid        turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, wherein the fourth plurality of rotating blades is        configured to receive at least a portion of the third fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow and generate a differential power        output attributable to the at least portion of the third fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow,    -   wherein calculating coordinating signals is additionally based        on the third signals and the fourth signals, the coordinating        signals being further configured to impose an additional phase        correction between the third plurality of rotating blades and        the fourth plurality of rotating blades in order to achieve the        greater aggregate power output, and    -   wherein outputting the coordinating signals is further        configured to impose the additional phase correction and thereby        achieve the greater aggregate power output.        Clause 46. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 45,        wherein each blade of the first plurality of blades and the        second plurality of blades includes a flow-receiving surface and        a flow-deflecting surface opposite the flow-receiving surface,        wherein each flow-receiving surface is configured to receive a        first rotation-inducing fluid flow, and wherein the        flow-deflecting surfaces of the first plurality of blades are        configured to at least partially generate the first fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow in a first angular region of the        plurality of blades during rotation, wherein the first angular        region is characterized by a flow velocity greater than a flow        velocity in a second angular region,    -   and wherein the first phase correction is configured to cause        the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow in the first        angular region to be at least partially received by the        flow-receiving surface of the second plurality of blades to        thereby achieve the greater aggregate power output.        Clause 47. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 46,        wherein the coordinating signals are configured to generate a        load for slowing rotation of at least one of the first plurality        of blades and the second plurality of blades for a limited        period of time, thereby imposing the first phase correction        between the first plurality of blades and the second plurality        of blades.        Clause 48. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 47,        wherein the coordinating signals are configured to alter        application of the load to at least one generator connected to        at least one of the first fluid turbine and the second fluid        turbine.        Clause 49. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 48,        wherein the coordinating signals are configured to reduce a load        and thereby accelerate rotation of at least one of the first        plurality of blades and the second plurality of blades for a        limited period of time, thereby imposing the first phase        correction between the first plurality of blades and the second        plurality of blades.        Clause 50. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 49,        wherein the first fluid turbine is located upstream of the        second turbine.        Clause 51. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 50,        wherein calculating the coordinating signals includes applying a        Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) protocol to the plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines.        Clause 52. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 51,        wherein the at least one processor is further configured to        obtain at least one of a time-based or a frequency-based power        wave for the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, and wherein applying the MPPT protocol includes        applying the at least one of the time-based or frequency based        power wave to the MPPT protocol.        Clause 53. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 52,        wherein the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines are wind turbines, and wherein the fluid is flowing        air.        Clause 54. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 53,        wherein the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines are water turbines, and wherein the fluid is flowing        water.        Clause 55. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 54,        wherein rotational axes of the first fluid turbine and the        second fluid turbine are substantially vertical.        Clause 56. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 55,        wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine        from the first signals and the second signals that the first        plurality of blades has a similar phase cycle as the second        plurality of blades, and wherein outputting the coordinating        signals to impose the first phase correction is configured to        cause the first plurality of blades and the second plurality of        blades to assume differing phase cycles.        Clause 57. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 56,        wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine        from the first signals and the second signals that an        orientation of the first plurality of blades is similar to an        orientation of the second plurality of blades, and wherein        outputting the coordinating signals is configured to cause the        orientation of the first plurality of blades to differ from the        orientation of the second plurality of blades.        Clause 58. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 57,        wherein each blade of the first plurality of blades and the        second plurality of blades is a lift blade.        Clause 59. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 58,        wherein the first fluid turbine and the second fluid turbine are        similarly shaped.        Clause 60. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 59,        wherein rotational axes of the first fluid turbine and the        second fluid turbine are substantially horizontal.        Clause 61. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 60,        wherein the first signals are indicative of first AC signals        generated by the first fluid turbine, and wherein the second        signals are indicative of second AC signals generated by the        second fluid turbine, wherein the first AC signals are        characterized by a frequency and a relative phase corresponding        to a frequency and phase of the rotational cycle of the first        plurality of rotating blades at particular points in time, and        wherein the second AC signals are characterized by a frequency        and a relative phase corresponding to a frequency and phase of        the rotational cycle of the second plurality of rotating blades        at the particular points in time.        Clause 62. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 61,        wherein each fluid turbine of the cluster of fluid turbines        includes a rotating shaft to which respective first plurality of        blades and second plurality of blades are connected, wherein the        first signals are associated with a rotation rate or position        detector associated with the shaft of the first fluid turbine,        and wherein the second signals are associated with a rotation        rate or position detector associated with the shaft of the        second fluid turbine.        Clause 63. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 62,        wherein the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines includes a plurality of additional turbines and wherein        the coordinating signals are configured to impose additional        phase corrections on each of the additional turbines.        Clause 64. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 63,        wherein the first signals and second signals are image signals        received from at least one image sensor.        Clause 65. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 64,        wherein calculating the coordinating signals is further based on        at least one of a blade orientation, a blade rotational rate, or        a power output of at least one of the first fluid turbine and        the second fluid turbine.        Clause 66. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 65,        wherein the at least one processor is associated with a charge        controller connected to the plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines.        Clause 67. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 66,        wherein the at least one processor is associated with an        inverter connected to the plurality of geographically-associated        fluid turbines.        Clause 68. The system according to any of clauses 1 to 67,        wherein the at least one processor is associated with a control        system external to the plurality of geographically-associated        fluid turbines.        Clause 69. A non-transitory computer readable medium containing        instructions that when executed by at least one processor cause        the at least one processor to perform operations for        synchronizing a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, the operations comprising:    -   receiving first signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a first plurality of rotating blades of a first fluid        turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, wherein the first plurality of rotating blades is        configured to generate a first fluid turbine downstream fluid        flow;    -   receiving second signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a second plurality of rotating blades of a second fluid        turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, wherein the second plurality of rotating blades is        configured to receive at least a portion of the first fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow and generate a differential power        output attributable to the at least portion of the first fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   determining from the first signals and the second signals that        greater aggregate power output is achievable through blade phase        coordination;    -   determining a phase correction between the first plurality of        rotating blades and the second plurality of rotating blades        based on the first signals and the second signals, in order to        achieve the greater aggregate power output    -   calculating coordinating signals based on the determined phase        correction; and    -   outputting the coordinating signals to impose the phase        correction and thereby achieve the greater aggregate power        output.        Clause 70. A method for synchronizing a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines, the method comprising:    -   receiving first signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a first plurality of rotating blades of a first fluid        turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, wherein the first plurality of rotating blades is        configured to generate a first fluid turbine downstream fluid        flow;    -   receiving second signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a second plurality of rotating blades of a second fluid        turbine of the plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines, wherein the second plurality of rotating blades is        configured to receive at least a portion of the first fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow and generate a differential power        output attributable to the at least portion of the first fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   determining from the first signals and the second signals that        greater aggregate power output is achievable through blade phase        coordination;    -   determining a phase correction between the first plurality of        rotating blades and the second plurality of rotating blades        based on the first signals and the second signals, in order to        achieve the greater aggregate power output;    -   calculating coordinating signals based on the determined phase        correction; and    -   outputting the coordinating signals to impose the phase        correction and thereby achieve the greater aggregate power        output.

Disclosed embodiments may include any one of the followingbullet-pointed features alone or in combination with one or more otherbullet-pointed features, whether implemented as a system and/or method,by at least one processor or circuitry, and/or stored as executableinstructions on non-transitory computer readable media or computerreadable media.

-   -   A system for coordinated braking;    -   a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   at least one processor configured to access memory storing        information;    -   information indicative of a tolerance threshold for at least one        operating parameter associated with a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   at least one processor configured to receive information from at        least one sensor;    -   information indicative of at least one operating parameter for a        particular fluid turbine among a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   at least one processor configured to compare information        indicative of the at least one operating parameter for the        particular fluid turbine with a tolerance threshold stored in        memory;    -   at least one processor configured to determine, based on a        comparison, whether the at least one operating parameter for a        particular fluid turbine deviates from a tolerance threshold;    -   at least one processor configured to send a braking signal to        each of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   slowing each of the geographically-associated fluid turbines        upon a determination that at least one operating parameter for a        particular fluid turbine deviates from a tolerance threshold;    -   at least one sensor including a rotational sensor;    -   at least one operating parameter corresponding to a rotational        speed of the particular fluid turbine;    -   at least one sensor including a fluid speed detector;    -   at least one operating parameter corresponding to fluid speed        affecting the particular fluid turbine;    -   at least one sensor including a vibration sensor;    -   at least one operating parameter corresponding to a vibration of        the particular fluid turbine;    -   at least one sensor including a temperature sensor;    -   at least one operating parameter corresponding to a temperature        of the particular fluid turbine;    -   at least one sensor including a power output sensor;    -   at least one operating parameter corresponding to a power output        of the particular fluid turbine;    -   stopping each geographically-associated fluid turbine;    -   at least one processor configured to cause locking of each        geographically-associated fluid turbine in a stopped state;    -   at least one processor configured to receive an unlock signal;    -   a local or remote location;    -   at least one processor configured to unlock each of the        geographically-associated fluid turbines in response to an        unlock signal;    -   at least one processor configured to receive a fluid speed        signal;    -   at least one processor configured to cause an unlocking of each        geographically-associated fluid turbine;    -   a fluid speed signal corresponding to a fluid speed within a        tolerance threshold;    -   at least one processor configured to receive a fluid speed        signal;    -   at least one processor configured to cause a release of a        braking for each geographically-associated fluid turbine;    -   a fluid speed signal corresponding to a fluid speed within a        tolerance threshold;    -   a braking signal configured to synchronize each fluid turbine in        a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   synchronizing to allow for application of a Maximum Power Point        Tracking (MPPT) protocol to a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines upon release of        braking;    -   synchronizing configured to harmonize rotational timing for each        turbine in a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   synchronizing configured to coordinate a rotational orientation        of each turbine in a plurality of geographically-associated        turbines;    -   a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines        including wind turbines;    -   a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines        including water turbines;    -   a non-transitory computer readable medium containing        instructions that when executed by at least one processor cause        the at least one processor to perform operations for coordinated        braking of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   accessing memory storing information indicative of a tolerance        threshold for at least one operating parameter associated with a        plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   receiving information from at least one sensor indicative of one        of at least one operating parameter for a particular fluid        turbine among a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   comparing the information indicative of the at least one        operating parameter for the particular fluid turbine with the        tolerance threshold stored in memory;    -   determining, based on the comparison, whether the at least one        operating parameter for the particular fluid turbine deviates        from the tolerance threshold;    -   upon a determination that at least one operating parameter for a        particular fluid turbine exceeds a tolerance threshold, sending        a braking signal to each of a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines to slow each of the        geographically-associated fluid turbines.    -   a method for coordinated braking of a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   accessing memory storing information indicative of a tolerance        threshold for at least one operating parameter associated with a        plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   receiving information from at least one sensor indicative of at        least one operating parameter for a particular fluid turbine        among a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   comparing information indicative of at least one operating        parameter for a particular fluid turbine with a tolerance        threshold stored in memory;    -   determining, based on a comparison, whether at least one        operating parameter for a particular fluid turbine deviates from        a tolerance threshold;    -   upon a determination that at least one operating parameter for a        particular fluid turbine exceeds a tolerance threshold, sending        a braking signal to each of a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines to slow each of the        geographically-associated fluid turbines.    -   a system for coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster of        geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   at least one processor configured to receive data from a cluster        of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   at least one processor configured to determine changes to total        power output of a cluster based on changes in loading states of        individual fluid turbines in the cluster;    -   at least one processor configured to select a combination of        loading states for an individual fluid turbine in a cluster to        coordinate total power output for the cluster;    -   at least one processor configured to transmit selected        combination of loading states to at least some individual fluid        turbines in a cluster;    -   varying rotational speeds of at least some of individual fluid        turbines in a cluster;    -   at least some of turbines in a cluster being fluid-dynamically        coupled;    -   a combination of loading states for individual fluid turbines in        a cluster selected based on applying an MPPT protocol to each        individual fluid turbine;    -   determining an associated individual loading state for each        individual fluid turbine;    -   subjecting at least one individual loading state for an        individual fluid turbine to at least one global constraint for a        cluster;    -   applying an MPPT protocol to each individual turbine;    -   initially testing a generator electrical output of an individual        turbine based on a sequence of differing loads while each        individual turbine is in operation in first fluid conditions;    -   testing a generator of each individual turbine based on a        sequence of differing loads;    -   simulating differing loads on a generator;    -   predicting a response of a generator;    -   testing a generator of each individual turbine based on a first        sequence of differing loads by applying the differing loads on        each generator and measuring a response of each generator;    -   selecting a combination of loading states for individual fluid        turbines in a cluster to account for variations in fluid        conditions affecting the cluster;    -   variations in fluid conditions associated with variations in        power outputted by differing fluid turbines in a cluster;    -   selecting combination of loading states for individual fluid        turbines in a cluster to account for a spatial distribution of        the individual fluid turbines in the cluster;    -   at least one processor configured to receive, determine, select,        and transmit on a continual basis;    -   at least one processor configured to adjust for varying fluid        conditions over time;    -   fluid turbines being wind turbines;    -   fluid turbines being water turbines;    -   determining by calculating or measuring changes to total power        output;    -   selected combinations of loading states configured to cause some        fluid turbines in a cluster to operate differently from other        fluid turbines in the cluster;    -   differences in operation that vary based on changing fluid        conditions;    -   selected combinations of loading states that vary over time for        differing combinations of fluid turbines in a cluster;    -   differing operations in a cluster including at least one of a        rotational speed (RPM), a voltage output, a current output, a        direction of rotation, a blade orientation to a fluid flow, or a        relative blade orientation between at least two fluid turbines        in the cluster;    -   a cluster of fluid turbines including horizontal axis turbines;    -   a cluster of fluid turbines including vertical axis turbines;    -   an upper-level MPPT protocol applied at a DC stage through a        charge controller;    -   an upper-level MPPT protocol applied at an AC stage through an        inverter;    -   a non-transitory computer readable medium containing        instructions that when executed by at least one processor cause        the at least one processor to perform operations for        coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster of        geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   receiving data from a cluster of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   determining changes to total power output of a cluster based on        changes in loading states of individual fluid turbines in the        cluster;    -   selecting a combination of loading states for individual fluid        turbines in a cluster to coordinate total power output for the        cluster;    -   transmitting selected combination of loading states to at least        some individual fluid turbines in a cluster;    -   varying rotational speeds of at least some of individual fluid        turbines in a cluster;    -   a method for coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster of        geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   receiving data from the cluster of geographically-associated        fluid turbines;    -   determining changes to total power output of the cluster based        on changes in loading states of individual fluid turbines in the        cluster;    -   selecting a combination of loading states for the individual        fluid turbines in a cluster to coordinate total power output for        the cluster;    -   transmitting selected combination of loading states to at least        some individual fluid turbines in the cluster;    -   varying rotational speeds of at least some of the individual        fluid turbines in a cluster;    -   a system for synchronizing a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines:    -   at least one processor configured to receive first signals        indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle;    -   a first plurality of rotating blades of a first fluid turbine of        a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines,    -   a first plurality of rotating blades configured to generate a        first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   at least one processor configured to receive second signals        indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle;    -   a second plurality of rotating blades of a second fluid turbine        of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   a second plurality of rotating blades configured to receive at        least a portion of a first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   a second plurality of rotating blades configured to generate a        differential power output attributable to an at least portion of        the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   at least one processor configured to determine from first        signals and second signals that greater aggregate power output        is achievable through blade phase coordination;    -   at least one processor configured to determine a phase        correction between a first plurality of rotating blades and a        second plurality of rotating blades based on first signals and        second signals;    -   achieving a greater aggregate power output;    -   at least one processor configured to calculate coordinating        signals based on a determined phase correction;    -   at least one processor configured to output coordinating signals        to impose a phase correction and thereby achieve a greater        aggregate power output;    -   at least one processor configured to receive third signals        indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of a third plurality        of rotating blades of a third fluid turbine of a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   a third plurality of rotating blades configured to generate a        third fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   at least one processor configured to receive fourth signals        indicative of a phase of a rotational cycle of a fourth        plurality of rotating blades of a fourth fluid turbine of a        plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   a fourth plurality of rotating blades configured to receive at        least a portion of a third fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   a fourth plurality of rotating blades configured to generate a        differential power output attributable to an at least portion of        a third fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   calculating coordinating signals additionally based on third        signals and fourth signals;    -   coordinating signals configured to impose an additional phase        correction between a third plurality of rotating blades and a        fourth plurality of rotating blades in order to achieve the        greater aggregate power output;    -   outputting coordinating signals to impose an additional phase        correction and thereby achieve a greater aggregate power output;    -   each blade of a first plurality of blades and a second plurality        of blades including a flow-receiving surface;    -   each blade of a first plurality of blades and a second plurality        of blades including a flow-deflecting surface opposite a        flow-receiving surface;    -   a flow-receiving surface configured to receive a first        rotation-inducing fluid flow;    -   a flow-deflecting surface of a first plurality of blades        configured to at least partially generate a first fluid turbine        downstream fluid flow;    -   a first angular region of a plurality of blades during rotation;    -   a first angular region characterized by a flow velocity greater        than a flow velocity in a second angular region;    -   a first phase correction configured to cause a first fluid        turbine downstream fluid flow in a first angular region to be at        least partially received by a flow-receiving surface of a second        plurality of blades to thereby achieve a greater aggregate power        output;    -   coordinating signals configured to generate a load for slowing        rotation of at least one of a first plurality of blades and a        second plurality of blades for a limited period of time;    -   imposing a first phase correction between a first plurality of        blades and a second plurality of blades;    -   coordinating signals configured to alter application of a load        to at least one generator connected to at least one of a first        fluid turbine and a second fluid turbine;    -   coordinating signals configured to reduce a load;    -   coordinating signals configured to accelerate rotation of at        least one of a first plurality of blades and a second plurality        of blades for a limited period of time;    -   coordinating signals configured to impose a first phase        correction between a first plurality of blades and a second        plurality of blades;    -   a first fluid turbine is located upstream of a second turbine;    -   at least one processor configured to calculate the coordinating        signals by applying a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)        protocol to a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   at least one processor configured to obtain at least one of a        time-based or a frequency-based power wave for a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   at least one processor configured to apply an MPPT protocol by        applying at least one of a time-based or frequency based power        wave to the MPPT protocol;    -   a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines being        wind turbines;    -   a fluid being flowing air;    -   a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines being        water turbines;    -   a fluid being flowing water;    -   rotational axes of first fluid turbine and second fluid turbine        being substantially vertical;    -   the at least one processor configured to determine from first        signals and second signals that a first plurality of blades has        a similar phase cycle as a second plurality of blades;    -   outputting coordinating signals to impose a first phase        correction;    -   causing a first plurality of blades and a second plurality of        blades to assume differing phase cycles;    -   at least one processor configured to determine from first        signals and second signals that an orientation of a first        plurality of blades is similar to an orientation of a second        plurality of blades;    -   outputting coordinating signals configured to cause an        orientation of a first plurality of blades to differ from an        orientation of a second plurality of blades;    -   each blade of a first plurality of blades and a second plurality        of blades being lift blades;    -   a first fluid turbine and a second fluid turbine being similarly        shaped;    -   rotational axes of a first fluid turbine and a second fluid        turbine being substantially horizontal;    -   first signals indicative of first AC signals generated by a        first fluid turbine;    -   second signals indicative of second AC signals generated by a        second fluid turbine;    -   first AC signals characterized by a frequency and a relative        phase corresponding to a frequency and phase of a rotational        cycle of a first plurality of rotating blades at particular        points in time;    -   second AC signals characterized by a frequency and a relative        phase corresponding to a frequency and phase of a rotational        cycle of a second plurality of rotating blades at the particular        points in time;    -   each fluid turbine of a cluster of fluid turbines including a        rotating shaft to which respective first plurality of blades and        second plurality of blades are connected;    -   first signals associated with a rotation rate or position        detector associated with a shaft of a first fluid turbine;    -   second signals associated with a rotation rate or position        detector associated with a shaft of a second fluid turbine;    -   a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines        including a plurality of additional turbines;    -   coordinating signals configured to impose additional phase        corrections on each of additional turbines;    -   first signals and second signals being image signals received        from at least one image sensor;    -   calculating coordinating signals based on at least one of a        blade orientation, a blade rotational rate, or a power output of        at least one of a first fluid turbine and a second fluid        turbine;    -   at least one processor associated with a charge controller        connected to a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   at least one processor associated with an inverter connected to        a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   at least one processor associated with a control system external        to a plurality of geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   a non-transitory computer readable medium containing        instructions that when executed by at least one processor cause        the at least one processor to perform operations for        synchronizing a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   receiving first signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a first plurality of rotating blades of a first fluid        turbine of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   a first plurality of rotating blades configured to generate a        first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   receiving second signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a second plurality of rotating blades of a second fluid        turbine of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   a second plurality of rotating blades configured to receive at        least a portion of a first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow        and generate a differential power output attributable to the at        least portion of the first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   determining from first signals and second signals that greater        aggregate power output is achievable through blade phase        coordination;    -   determining a phase correction between a first plurality of        rotating blades and a second plurality of rotating blades based        on first signals and second signals, in order to achieve the        greater aggregate power output;    -   calculating coordinating signals based on determined phase        correction;    -   outputting coordinating signals to impose a phase correction;    -   achieving a greater aggregate power output;    -   a method for synchronizing a plurality of        geographically-associated fluid turbines;    -   receiving first signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a first plurality of rotating blades of a first fluid        turbine of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   a first plurality of rotating blades configured to generate a        first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   receiving second signals indicative of a phase of a rotational        cycle of a second plurality of rotating blades of a second fluid        turbine of a plurality of geographically-associated fluid        turbines;    -   a second plurality of rotating blades configured to receive at        least a portion of a first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   a second plurality of rotating blades configured to generate a        differential power output attributable to at least a portion of        a first fluid turbine downstream fluid flow;    -   determining from first signals and second signals that greater        aggregate power output is achievable through blade phase        coordination;    -   determining a phase correction between a first plurality of        rotating blades and a second plurality of rotating blades based        on first signals and second signals, in order to achieve the        greater aggregate power output;    -   calculating coordinating signals based on a determined phase        correction;    -   outputting coordinating signals to impose a phase correction;    -   achieving a greater aggregate power output.

1-19. (canceled)
 20. A system for coordinating MPPT operations for acluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines, the systemcomprising: at least one processor configured to: receive data from thecluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines; determine changesto total power output of the cluster based on changes in loading statesof individual fluid turbines in the cluster; select a combination ofloading states for the individual fluid turbines in the cluster tocoordinate total power output for the cluster; and transmit the selectedcombination of loading states to at least some of the individual fluidturbines in the cluster in order to vary rotational speeds of the atleast some of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster.
 21. Thesystem of claim 20, wherein at least some of the turbines in the clusterare fluid-dynamically coupled.
 22. The system of claim 20, wherein thecombination of loading states for the individual fluid turbines in thecluster are selected based on applying an MPPT protocol to eachindividual fluid turbine to determine an associated individual loadingstate for each individual fluid turbine and subjecting at least one ofthe individual loading states for an individual fluid turbine to atleast one global constraint for the cluster.
 23. The system of claim 22,wherein applying the MPPT protocol to each individual turbine includes,while each individual turbine is in operation in first fluid conditions,initially testing a generator electrical output of the individualturbine based on a sequence of differing loads.
 24. The system of claim23, wherein testing the generator of each individual turbine based onthe sequence of differing loads includes simulating the differing loadson the generator and predicting a response of the generator.
 25. Thesystem of claim 23, wherein testing the generator of each individualturbine based on the first sequence of differing loads includes applyingthe differing loads on each generator and measuring a response of eachgenerator.
 26. The system of claim 20, wherein selecting the combinationof loading states for the individual fluid turbines in the clusteraccounts for variations in fluid conditions affecting the cluster. 27.The system of claim 26, wherein the variations in fluid conditions areassociated with variations in power outputted by differing ones of thefluid turbines in the cluster.
 28. The system of claim 20, whereinselecting the combination of loading states for the individual fluidturbines in the cluster accounts for a spatial distribution of theindividual fluid turbines in the cluster.
 29. The system of claim 20,wherein the at least one processor is configured to receive, determine,select, and transmit on a continual basis.
 30. The system of claim 29,wherein the at least one processor is configured to adjust for varyingfluid conditions over time.
 31. The system of claim 20, wherein thefluid turbines are wind turbines.
 32. The system of claim 20, whereinthe fluid turbines are water turbines.
 33. The system of claim 20,wherein determining includes calculating or measuring changes to totalpower output.
 34. The system of claim 20, wherein the selectedcombinations of loading states are configured to cause some fluidturbines in the cluster to operate differently from other fluid turbinesin the cluster.
 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the differences inoperation vary based on changing fluid conditions.
 36. The system ofclaim 35, wherein the selected combinations of loading states vary overtime for differing combinations of fluid turbines in the cluster. 37.The system of claim 34, wherein the differing operations in the clusterinclude at least one of a rotational speed (RPM), a voltage output, acurrent output, a direction of rotation, a blade orientation to a fluidflow, or a relative blade orientation between at least two fluidturbines in the cluster.
 38. The system of claim 20, wherein the clusterof fluid turbines includes horizontal axis turbines.
 39. The system ofclaim 20, wherein the cluster of fluid turbines includes vertical axisturbines.
 40. The system of claim 20, wherein an upper-level MPPTprotocol is applied at a DC stage through a charge controller.
 41. Thesystem of claim 20, wherein an upper-level MPPT protocol is applied atan AC stage through an inverter.
 42. A non-transitory computer readablemedium containing instructions that when executed by at least oneprocessor cause the at least one processor to perform operations forcoordinating MPPT operations for a cluster of geographically-associatedfluid turbines, the operations comprising: receiving data from thecluster of geographically-associated fluid turbines; determining changesto total power output of the cluster based on changes in loading statesof individual fluid turbines in the cluster; selecting a combination ofloading states for the individual fluid turbines in the cluster tocoordinate total power output for the cluster; and transmitting theselected combination of loading states to at least some of theindividual fluid turbines in the cluster in order to vary rotationalspeeds of the at least some of the individual fluid turbines in thecluster.
 43. A method for coordinating MPPT operations for a cluster ofgeographically-associated fluid turbines, the method comprising:receiving data from the cluster of geographically-associated fluidturbines; determining changes to total power output of the cluster basedon changes in loading states of individual fluid turbines in thecluster; selecting a combination of loading states for the individualfluid turbines in the cluster to coordinate total power output for thecluster; and transmitting the selected combination of loading states toat least some of the individual fluid turbines in the cluster in orderto vary rotational speeds of the at least some of the individual fluidturbines in the cluster. 44-70. (canceled)